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The article provides an overview of the major features of the Law for the Protection of Minors that was adopted by the Standing Committee of the Seventh National People's Congress of China on 4 September 1991 and came into effect on 1 January 1992. It notes that this law is part of a larger effort to institutionalize a series of new law and safeguards for various categories and/or groups of individuals. (DÜI-Sen)

If the second half of the 20th century saw the flourishing of a wide range of new technologies, the 21st century is the time in which such technologies become ubiquitous. In particular, the Internet, originally designed as a system of communication for military services in case of default of radio systems, is now the most widespread technology globally, providing the easiest and cheapest way to connect users from different parts of the world. Needless to say, the most prominent users of interchangeable devices for the interactive use of the Internet are minors, either during their childhood or their teenage years. The widening of this new class of users, on the one hand, is a trigger for public policy to "revitalise agendas of informal education, health and lifestyle advice, and civic participation", but, on the other hand, it multiplies the difficulties of policymakers, who have become more and more concerned about the risks and perils that minors face during their online surfing activities. This paper will try to address the regulatory solutions put forward for the different types of risk that minors can encounter online, analyzing their scope and potential flaws in order to provide a set of criteria that could be taken into account in the drafting process of such policies.

The sexual abuse of a child is a crime which demands a response on various levels. On the one hand, it requires psychological support for the victims, while on the other, it requires concrete legal and penal measures against the perpetrators, as well as broad social education and preventive measures in order to prevent similar tragedies from recurring in the future. The document entitled "Protection of Minors in the Pastoral Work of the Diocese of Tarnów – Norms and Rules" refers to the actions of the universal Church. The document on the protection of minors is a guideline for the Diocese of Tarnów to be used in all parishes, communities and works of the diocese, both by clergymen, consecrated persons and laity who undertake ministry among children and young people. ; The sexual abuse of a child is a crime which demands a response on various levels. On the one hand, it requires psychological support for the victims, while on the other, it requires concrete legal and penal measures against the perpetrators, as well as broad social education and preventive measures in order to prevent similar tragedies from recurring in the future. The document entitled "Protection of Minors in the Pastoral Work of the Diocese of Tarnów – Norms and Rules" refers to the actions of the universal Church. The document on the protection of minors is a guideline for the Diocese of Tarnów to be used in all parishes, communities and works of the diocese, both by clergymen, consecrated persons and laity who undertake ministry among children and young people.

The study aims to investigate the role of legislative consolidation of the rights and legitimate interests of minors in criminal proceedings. The relevance of the study is due to the priority policy of the state to protect the rights and legitimate interests of the family, motherhood and childhood, as well as the active preventive work of au-thorized bodies. Constitutional, as well as sectoral guarantees of minors in criminal proceedings are consid-ered, and the authors' different points of view on this issue are analyzed. The article analyzes and compares the concept of "minor" in the sectoral legislation of the Russian Federation. Apart from the above, a study of the norms of international law regulating the protection of the rights and legitimate interests of minors and the pos-sibility of their introduction into domestic legislation is performed. A number of factors that allow to refer a per-son to the category of "minor", and, consequently, the possibility to benefit from the enshrined rights and guar-antees, have been revealed.

The current article aims to explain the different protective measures for minors immersed in social and familial conflict situations regulated by the Spanish communal territorial statute law. Public administrative organisms assume competencies in this matter by authorising the taking of different measures depending on the specific circumstances of each case. Undoubtedly, it can be confirmed that the current legal framework has achieved the integrated protection of those children and youngsters whose parents or tutors do not meet, or do so faultily, the duties associated with parental custody. However, its application in practice has also shown the problems and deficiencies this normative framework suffers from. ; peer-reviewed

Drug abuse as a social deviation is becoming an increasingly complex problem of
society which by its mass nature is a leading addiction that introduces various
forms of criminal behavior. Such a phenomenon is particularly pronounced
in relation to minors which are characterized by increasingly frequent use of
narcotics with a tendency to reduce the age of minor users of narcotics, and a
pronounced prevalence of their victimization by drug abuse meaning of their
use to undertake incriminating acts in the field of abuse drug. Such imposes
the actuelization of criminal law protection of minors from drug abuse with
emphasis on criminal law protection and changes and amendments to criminal
law regulations by prescribing new criminal law provisions that would serve to
strengthen that protection.
The authors referred to the elaboration of the normative, criminal law framework
for the protection of minors from drug abuse, pointing out certain shortcomings in
the legislative criminal law aspects of that protection and inconsistency of entity
criminal law regulations related to the protection of minors from drug abuse, with
the presentation of appropriate proposals de lege ferenda aimed at improving the
criminal law protection of minors from drug abuse in all its forms and modalities.

Theoretical and legal principles and problematic aspects of the protection of the rights of minors in the information space have been analyzes in the article. The main provisions of the domestic legislation aimed at protecting the rights of minors from destructive information influences from the dangerous information environment are determined. The main information threats that increase in the geometric progression of information flows, which significantly affect the information security of minors, which have a much wider range of threats and risks than adults due to their psychophysiological, social and other characteristics. The main directions of improving the legislation to create a safe information environment conducive to the child are outlined. ; У статті здійснено аналіз теоретико-правових засад та проблемних аспектів захисту прав неповнолітніх в інформаційному просторі. Визначено основні положення вітчизняного законодавства, спрямовані на захист прав неповнолітніх від деструктивних інформаційних впливів з боку небезпечного інформаційного середовища. Виявлено основні інформаційні загрози, що зростають у геометричній прогресії інформаційних потоків, що суттєво впливають на інформаційну безпеку неповнолітніх, які мають значно ширший діапазон загроз і ризиків порівняно із повнолітньою особою у зв'язку з їх психофізіологічними, соціальними та іншими особливостями. Окреслено основні напрямки удосконалення законодавства для створення безпечного інформаційного середовища, сприятливого для дитини.

Theoretical and legal principles and problematic aspects of the protection of the rights of minors in the information space have been analyzes in the article. The main provisions of the domestic legislation aimed at protecting the rights of minors from destructive information influences from the dangerous information environment are determined. The main information threats that increase in the geometric progression of information flows, which significantly affect the information security of minors, which have a much wider range of threats and risks than adults due to their psychophysiological, social and other characteristics. The main directions of improving the legislation to create a safe information environment conducive to the child are outlined. ; У статті здійснено аналіз теоретико-правових засад та проблемних аспектів захисту прав неповнолітніх в інформаційному просторі. Визначено основні положення вітчизняного законодавства, спрямовані на захист прав неповнолітніх від деструктивних інформаційних впливів з боку небезпечного інформаційного середовища. Виявлено основні інформаційні загрози, що зростають у геометричній прогресії інформаційних потоків, що суттєво впливають на інформаційну безпеку неповнолітніх, які мають значно ширший діапазон загроз і ризиків порівняно із повнолітньою особою у зв'язку з їх психофізіологічними, соціальними та іншими особливостями. Окреслено основні напрямки удосконалення законодавства для створення безпечного інформаційного середовища, сприятливого для дитини.

'Die Ereignisse von Erfurt haben das Thema auf die Tagesordnung gebracht: Welche Rolle kann und soll die Freiwillige Selbstkontrolle der Sender bei der Umsetzung des Jugend-medienschutzes spielen? Laut Rundfunkstaatsvertrag lag die Aufsicht über kinder- und jugendgefährdende Fernsehinhalte bisher bei den Landesmedienanstalten. Für den Autor ergeben sich aus der Übertragung der Verantwortung im Jugendschutz zwei Optionen: eine effektivere Prüfung von medialen Produkten sowie ein notwendiger Diskurs über deren wissenschaftliche Begründungen. Angesichts der Entwicklung des internationalen Medienmarktes müssen auch in dieser Frage europäische Antworten gefunden werden. Hierfür bietet ein Überblick über die verschiedenen entwicklungspsychologischen Konzepte in anderen EU-Ländern Vergleichsperspektiven. Den Bestrebungen einer immer differenzierteren Altersabstufung wird dabei in diesem Report ein zweistufiges Modell gegenüber gestellt, welches davon ausgeht, dass Begrenzungen und Verbote für Kinder aus anderen Gründen plausibel sind als gegenüber Jugendlichen. Weitere Differenzierungen wären nur in Einklang mit einer konsequenten Erziehungspraxis im familiären Medienverhalten sinnvoll. Diese mit dem Jugendmedienschutz zusammenhängende Verantwortung kann jedoch nicht von den Eltern allein wahrgenommen werden; auch gesellschaftliche Gruppen sind gefordert, sich im Rahmen eines demokratischen Konsenses über Normen und Rituale öffentlich zugänglicher Informationen zu verständigen.' (Autorenreferat)

The article is also published in: Carlsson, Ulla and von Feilitzen, Cecilia (eds): In the Service of Young People? Studies and Reflections on Media in the Digital Age.Yearbook 2005/2006. The International Clearinghouse on Children, Youth and Media, Nordicom, Göteborg University 2006.