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The unprecedented spread of the English language around the globe has contributed to the even-growing use of English in many international contexts that focus on politics, business, safety, technology, science, and tourism. The increasing number of international academic conferences and meetings, whose main language is English, also testifies the special status that this language has acquired all over the world in recent decades, and emphasises the importance of being able to speak and interact with it. Acknowledging the importance of keeping going on developing students' linguistic skills at the higher level of education, Italian Universities have modified academic programmes by both offering new English language courses and giving additional emphasis to the existing courses. The result is a remarkable increase in undergraduates' interest in learning English, not only in those who have chosen to get a degree in Foreign Languages and Literatures but even in those who are attending different Schools such as Law, Architecture, Economics, Engineering, Natural Sciences and Medicine. In order to meet the specific requirements of Italian academic path, tailor-made programmes following students' needs have been gradually conceived giving birth to what is now universally known as English for Specific Purposes (ESP). This article explores future healthcare professionals' acquisition of negative politeness strategies to mitigate patients' face threats in the subject field through a cycle of tailor-made lectures by the first year undergraduate ESP students at the course degree in Physiotherapy and Nursing at the University of Verona in 2014. This project will describe the approach used to plan the lesson, and the techniques involved in the teaching/learning process (work in pair and groups of work).

The present research focuses on analyzing the mechanisms of politeness and the role of adjectives in interpersonal relationships, considering them as important tools for expressing attitudes, emotions, and cultural values. Based on the research results, it has been established that politeness strategies and the use of adjectives vary significantly depending on cultural contexts, underscoring the need for a deeper understanding of linguistic norms and variations. Special attention has been paid to the role of adjectives, which serve not only as descriptive elements but also as means of expressing evaluations and emotions, thus, playing a significant role in intercultural interaction. The research conclusions underscore the importance of integrating intercultural understanding into the process of linguistic interaction. It has been revealed that successful intercultural communication requires not only language proficiency but also a deep understanding of cultural differences in politeness strategies. The research also points to the need for further exploration in this field, in particular, in developing practical recommendations for enhancing intercultural communication. In this context, knowledge and application of relevant linguistic strategies can contribute to better understanding and respect among representatives of different cultures.

Social, humane and cultural values mandate that a certain level of politeness in day-to-day exchanges be maintained. Therefore, politeness strategies are among the first language functions taught in foreign language curricula. This study examines the inclusion of negative politeness strategies in the dialogs of the prescribed Jordanian English as a foreign language textbook, Action Pack, for grades 5 through ten. The content analysis is informed by the theoretical principles of politeness theory (Brown & Levinson, 1987). The dialogs in the fifth- through tenth-grade textbooks were content analyzed for speech acts denoting negative politeness, using both qualitative and quantitative measures. The analysis commenced with coding, after which the occurrences were identified and tallied per the codes. Ten negative politeness strategies were identified in addition to one, which comprised an amalgamation of two of these strategies in one speech act. The findings revealed that Jordanian Action Pack textbooks included more negative politeness strategies in grades 5 and 6 than in grades 7, 8, 9, and 10, with being indirect and using questions to reduce imposition and offense as the most frequent.

The article deals with the peculiarities of the implementation of communicative strategies and tactics of negative politeness in British and American political discourse. The material for the study was the written texts of speeches of former US President Donald Trump and former British Prime Minister Theresa May. The chosen topic is of great interest due to the fact that politeness is an integral part of political speeches, contributing to the formation of a politician's social image. The main concept in linguistic politeness is face which represents a person's public self-image. There are two distinct types of face: a positive face and negative face, which then lead to the division of negative and positive politeness strategies. Negative politeness means respect and it can be seen as formal politeness. Negative politeness strategies address the addressee's negative face by showing distance and impersonality. The linguistic means and speech features of the implementation of communicative strategies and tactics of negative politeness, used by Theresa May and Donald Trump, have been identified. Negative politeness strategies and tactics are effective tools for regulating communication processes. They add to the development and maintenance of harmonious relationships between communicative partners. The features of the implementation of the three most commonly used negative politeness strategies have been analyzed: the strategy of evasion, the strategy of apology, and the strategy of the invocation of established norms. Negative politeness strategies convey respect and deference to the addressee and are aimed at 1) distancing the interlocutors, 2) demonstrating the addresser's recognition of the addressee's independence and personal autonomy, 3) convincing the addressee that the addresser does not intend to violate his/her personal boundaries, and 4) minimizing pressure on the addressee. The strategy of evasion is implemented by the tactic of restraining by personal opinions, the tactic of questioning, and the tactic of mitigation, the strategy of apology – by the tactic of admitting harm and the tactic of admitting unwillingness to harm, the strategy of the invocation of established norms – by the tactic of demonstrating generally accepted rules and requirements that govern the behaviour of members of society. ; У статті досліджено особливості реалізації комунікативних стратегій і тактик негативної ввічливості в сучасному британському й американському політичному дискурсі. Негативна ввічливість являє собою детально розроблений набір комунікативних стратегій, спрямованих на демонстрацію визнання незалежності співрозмовника. Негативну ввічливість вважають основою шанобливої поведінки. Увага до обраної теми зумовлена тим, що ввічливість є невід'ємним елементом мовлення політичних діячів, що сприяє формуванню соціального іміджу політика. Стратегії й тактики негативної ввічливості є ефективними інструментами для регулювання процесів комунікації. Вони сприяють уникненню конфліктів, розвитку та підтримці гармонійних відносин між комунікативними партнерами. Матеріалом дослідження слугували тексти промов екс-президента США Дональда Трампа й колишньої прем'єр-міністра Великої Британії Терези Мей. Проаналізовано особливості реалізації трьох найбільш уживаних у рамках політичного дискурсу комунікативних стратегій негативної ввічливості: стратегії ухилення, стратегії вибачення та стратегії апелювання до норми. Комунікативні стратегії негативної ввічливості спрямовані на 1) дистанціювання співрозмовників, 2)демонстрацію визнання адресантом незалежності й особистісної автономії адресата, 3) переконання адресата увідсутності наміру в адресанта порушити його особистісні кордони, 4) мінімізацію тиску на адресата з боку адресанта. Стратегія ухилення реалізується за допомогою тактики обмеження власною оцінкою, тактики перепитування й тактики пом'якшення категоричності висловлення. Стратегія вибачення актуалізується тактикою визнання завданої шкоди та тактикою визнання небажання зашкодити. Стратегію апелювання до норми реалізовує тактика демонстрації загальноприйнятих правил і вимог, що регулюють поведінку членів соціуму. Виявлено, що Тереза Мей надає перевагу офіційно-діловому стилю мовлення, у той час як Дональд Трамп більше тяжіє до неформального стилю мовлення, що зумовлено низкою культурних, соціальних і ситуативних чинників.

Abbreviations, figures, tables -- Preface -- 1. Cross-cultural pragmatics -- 2. The culture-specificity of politeness -- 3. The speech act of apologising -- 4. Literature review -- 5. Methodological considerations -- 6. Data collection -- 7. Illocutionary force indicating devices: IFIDs -- 8. Accounts -- 9. Positive politeness apology strategies -- 10. On the culture-specificity of apologies -- 11. Conclusion -- Appendices -- Notes -- References -- Index

Abbreviations, figures, tables -- Preface -- 1. Cross-cultural pragmatics -- 2. The culture-specificity of politeness -- 3. The speech act of apologising -- 4. Literature review -- 5. Methodological considerations -- 6. Data collection -- 7. Illocutionary force indicating devices: IFIDs -- 8. Accounts -- 9. Positive politeness apology strategies -- 10. On the culture-specificity of apologies -- 11. Conclusion -- Appendices -- Notes -- References -- Index

Purpose. The article is devoted to a topical issue of the use of particular linguistic features of the negative politeness strategy implementation in the political discourse. The subject of the analysis is the speech tactics that allow putting this communicative strategy into operation in the English language.Methodology. The research is based on the theory of politeness combined with the strategic approach to the study of communicative and pragmatic characteristics of the modern political discourse.Results. The results of the study are that the author, defining the concept of politeness as a national-specific communicative category, differentiates the phenomena of "positive politeness" and "negative politeness". The author comes to the conclusion that the implementation of the negative politeness strategy in the modern English-language political discourse is carried out through specific speech tactics (such as compliance with speech formalities and communicative distance; deliberate uncertainty and vagueness of statements; contrasting of speaker's achievements to his opponent's negative expectations; demonstration of success in fulfilling the promises; self-presentation).Practical implications. The results of the study can be applied in the search of the specific language tools that allow conveying political ideas effectively. ; Цель. Статья посвящена актуальной теме – языковым особенностям реализации стратегии негативной вежливости в политическом дискурсе. Предметом анализа выступают речевые тактики, позволяющие реализовать указанную коммуникативную стратегию в английском языке.Метод или методология проведения работы. Основу исследования составляет – теория вежливости в сочетании со стратегическим подходом к изучению коммуникативно-прагматических характеристик современного политического дискурса.Результаты. Результаты работы заключаются в том, что автор, исходя из понятия вежливости как национально-специфической коммуникативной категории, дифференцирует феномены «позитивная вежливость» и «негативная вежливость». Автор приходит к выводу, что реализация стратегии негативной вежливости в современном англоязычном политическом дискурсе осуществляется посредством специфических речевых тактик (соблюдения речевых формальностей и коммуникативной дистанции; намеренной неопределенности и расплывчатости высказываний; противопоставления собственных достижений негативным ожиданиям оппонента; демонстрации успеха в выполнении своих обещаний; самопрезентации).Область применения результатов. Результаты исследования могут быть применены в разработке языкового инструментария, позволяющего эффективно доносить политические идеи.

Since first proposed by Brown and Levinson in 1987, there have been many studies taking politeness strategies as their primary concern. Some of them were under an academic setting, which is understood as formal classroom basis research. On the other hand, since the formal classroom basis is stuck with the curriculum by the government, politeness strategies in an nformal classroom basis is worth-considering. Specifically, this study investigates politeness strategies in teacher-student interaction in an informal classroom basis of EFL classes. Through mixed-method research design, the manually transcribed data were analyzed based on Brown and Levinson's politeness strategies, all from bald on record, positive politeness, negative politeness, and off record strategies. The findings revealed the employment of four types of politeness strategies, with positive politeness becomes the most frequently employed, followed consecutively by bald on record, negative politeness, and off-record strategy. Teacher employed positive politeness the most often while students chose to use negative politeness the most frequently. Teacher's dominance in language production, students' passiveness in getting involved within the interaction, lack of vocabulary, and the unawareness of the existence of politeness strategies in the communication have contributed to the choice of politeness strategies in their interaction.Keywords: politeness, politeness strategies, teacher-student interaction, Brown and Levinson

AbstractThe present paper provides an intergenerational perspective on Greek conceptualizations of (im)politeness. Based on interviews eliciting narratives of impolite behaviour of our participants' parents' generation, the study illustrates the contested and changing nature of politeness in contemporary Greece.Through critically evaluating the older generation's behaviour, the participants not only provided insights into their own politeness norms but also showed a clear understanding of the previous generation's politeness norms. The discrepancy between what is perceived as polite by the two generations points to a distinction between empirical (is) and moral (should) norms (Haugh 2010), with the former allowing the participants to classify their parents' impoliteness as non-intentional and the latter reflecting the emergence of new conceptualizations of politeness in Greece.While Greece has been unanimously characterized as a positive politeness culture in previous research, the present study illustrates an increasing emphasis on values and norms associated with negative politeness.

Politeness strategies show how people maintain and save other's face in communication. Indonesian people tend to used negative politeness to show respect to others through language, meanwhile English people tend to use positive politeness. This paper aims at examining the translation of politeness strategies of directive acts used by four characters in Dan Brown's novel entitled Deception Point and its two Indonesian translation versions. It is a qualitative research. Data were taken by using purposive sampling and analyzed by comparing linguistic markers of politeness strategies used by 2 male politicians and 2 female political advisors in giving directive acts in source text and translation texts. The result shows that: (1) all novels use more positive politeness strategies; (2) there is a tendency that the 2015 translation version used less negative politeness strategies than the old translation version; (3) It reveals that politeness stratagies in giving directive act in the translation and rank of imposition (illocution force) are changed. As a literary work, it could be the reflection of Indonesian language condition today or would influence the reader's politeness strategies.

"Speech level shift" is a phenomenon in which formal speech is used in casual conversations. This paper aims to clarify when and why this temporary shift occurs and considers whether its functions are unique to the Japanese language by employing the concept of "politeness theory". According to this theory, a speaker has two choices of strategy for successful communication. The first, namely "positive politeness strategy" attempts to decrease their distance with the listener, while the second, "negative politeness strategy", tries to maintain this distance. Using examples from a database of Japanese conversations, four functions of speech level shift based on politeness strategies were found. When the shift appears at the beginning or the end of a topic, its function is to reduce the suddenness of conversational transition, while in the case of communicating blame, criticism, or requests, the shift has the function of softening something hard to say. These two functions are based on negative politeness strategy. When the shift is used to emphasize something important in the conversation, its function is to make the speech clearer, while in the case of telling a joke, the shift can create an emotional connection through humor. These two functions are based on positive politeness strategy. In this way, speech level shifts in the Japanese language have four principal functions, which are explainable by theories developed internationally. This fact shows that there is a commonality between Japanese and other languages regarding the function of consideration for others.

Abstract
This paper argues for a distinction between "conduct politeness" and "etiquette politeness", where the former refers to the propriety of what people do and the latter to the decorum of how people do things. In everyday discourse, the distinction is often fuzzy, but as a second order distinction the terminology provides a useful analytical tool. In the history of politeness in English, a bifurcation into the two types of politeness can be observed in the eighteenth century, and today the distinction provides additional conceptual clarity of the changing theoretical focus during the three waves of politeness theory. After a review of the historical link between morals and manners, a brief case study focuses on their separation in the eighteenth century. A final discussion applies the distinction to the paradox that politeness is often seen as a positive thing that, unfortunately, is on the decline and as a negative thing because it is insincere, superficial and hypocritical.

This study investigates politeness in parliamentary discourse in Ghana. Using politeness theory as framework and the parliamentary Hansard as source of data, the study examines the politeness strategies employed by parliamentary actors, the implications of the frequency of the usage of the politeness strategies, and how the Standing Orders of Parliament determine the choice of a politeness strategy. Findings of the study show that political actors in the Parliament of Ghana use the bald on-record, the positive, the negative and the off-record politeness strategies in varied proportions. The study further reveals that the negative politeness strategy is the most frequently used politeness strategy with the Speaker being the highest user of the negative and the bald on-record politeness strategies. Again, the study found out that the off-record politeness strategy is the least used strategy. The Majority Members in Parliament use the highest frequency of the positive politeness strategies while the Minority Members of Parliament employ more negative politeness strategies. The study concludes that parliamentary discourse in Ghana employs more of the direct explicit polite expressions than the indirect implicit expressions of politeness. The study recommends that researchers should pay critical attention to the politeness phenomenon in parliamentary discourse.

AbstractThe present study explores the use of the genre of service encounters to teach (about) politeness strategies in the kindergarten. My teaching proposal involves a critical approach to politeness strategies which is expected to enhance students' awareness of the social/interactional aspects of service encounters, and in particular to familiarize them with positive and negative politeness and with how the speech acts they may use in such contexts contribute to creating solidarity or distance with their interlocutors. Since young children participate in such interactions outside school, their own experiences could form the basis for language teaching. Concurrently, kindergartens are often equipped to host role play activities simulating service encounters, and teachers are usually trained to assist children in such activities. Given the above, the present teaching proposal will be based on the

Penelitian ini menganalisa jenis strategi kesantunan yang digunakan oleh politisi Indonesia di twitter. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengungkapkan jenis strategi kesantunan yang digunakan oleh para politisi Indonesia sebagai tanggapan terhadap pertanyaan, dukungan atau kritik dari followers mereka di Twitter. Selain itu, penelitian ini juga menggambarkan konteks situasi di mana jenis strategi tertentu digunakan oleh politisi Indonesia di Twitter. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan deskriptif kualitatif untuk menganalisis dua puluh tujuh tweets yang dikirim oleh tujuh politisi sebagai tanggapan terhadap pengikut mereka di Twitter. Data diunduh dari internet dan disimpan menggunakan aplikasi printscreen dan MS Word. Metode pengumpulan data yang digunakan adalah observasi dan dokumentasi. Strategi kesantunan dianalisis menurut teori kesantunan Brown dan Levinson (1987). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa politisi Indonesia menggunakan berbagai strategi kesantunan, termasuk penggunaan strategi positive politeness, strategi negative politeness dan strategi off-record. Mereka cenderung menggunakan strategi yang meminimalkan jarak dengan para pengikut mereka. Hal ini dapat dilihat dari penggunaan strategi didominasi oleh strategi positive politeness (74%). Sebagai perbandingan, penggunaan strategi off-record hanya 15% dan diikuti oleh strategi negative politeness (11%). Melihat konteks situasi, di mana latar komunikasi adalah di media yang bersifat publik (situs jejaring sosial) dan waktu komunikasi adalah selama masa kampanye pemilu legislatif dan presiden, politisi Indonesia tampaknya menggunakan strategi yang meminimalisir 'jarak' dengan pendengar. Ini mungkin saja disebakan karena mereka harus menjaga citra mereka di khalayak umum dan terlebih lagi mereka ingin lebih 'dekat' ke pendengar.Kata Kunci : Strategi kesantunan, Politisi Indonesia, Konteks situasi, Twitter. This study analyzes the types of politeness strategies used by Indonesian politicians on twitter. The purpose of this study is to reveal the types of politeness strategies used by the Indonesian politicians as the responses to the questions, supports or critiques from their followers on Twitter. Moreover, this study also describes the contexts of situations in which particular types of strategies are used by Indonesian politicians on Twitter. This study used descriptive qualitative approaches to analyze twenty seven tweets posted by seven politicians as the responses to their followers on Twitter. The data were downloaded from the internet and saved using 'printscreen' and MS Word application. The methods of data collection were observation and documentation. The politeness strategies were analyzed according to Brown and Levinson's (1987) politeness theory. The findings show that Indonesian politician used various politeness strategies, including the use of positive politeness, negative politeness and off-record strategy. They tend to use the strategy that minimizes the distance with their followers. It can be seen from the use of strategy dominated by positive politeness (74%). As comparison, the use of off-record strategy was only 15% and followed by negative politeness (11%). Looking at the context of situation, where the setting was in public media (social networking site) and the time of the communication was during the campaign period of the legislative and president election, Indonesian politicians seem to use the strategies that minimize the distance with the hearer. It may because they have to maintain their image in public and moreover they want to 'come closer' to the hearer.keyword : Politeness strategies, Indonesian Politicians, Context of Situation, Twitter.