In contemporary Russia, online discourses on gender reflect the complex legacies of the Soviet and post-Soviet attitudes and approaches to masculinity and femininity. The current discourses on gender affect its digital construction. Mirroring the gendered discourses on masculine and feminine roles and patterns of behaviour, digital media spaces impose similar restrictions and expectations on female users as those experienced by women in their offline activities. This chapter offers an analysis of how the World Wide Web and digital technologies influence gender identity politics in contemporary Russian society. We look at the ways Russians construct gender online, how their practices become means of resistance and activism, and how they adapt and shape digital technologies to perform their gender identities and communicate with the State in the situation of increasing surveillance and control of material and cyberspaces. ; publishedVersion ; Peer reviewed
This study aims to determine the legal protection for victims of online gender-based violence in Indonesia and the legal construction of protection for victims of online gender-based violence according to human rights law. This is a normative legal research that uses statutory, case, and conceptual approaches. The results of this study are first, Indonesia does not have legislation that specifically regulates legal protection for victims of Online Gender Based Violence (KBGO) so that the handling of cases KBGO-related is still based on Law Number 11 of 2008 on Information and Electronic Transactions (ITE Law) and Law Number 44 of 2008 on Pornography (Pornography Law). However, the two laws have not comprehensively regulated the protection of KBGO victims. Second, the legal construction of protection for KBGO victims has generally been regulated in the Bill of Elimination of Sexual Violence (PKS Bill). However, to fulfill the protection of KBGO victims, the PKS Bill needs to be revised by regulating provisions regarding the expansion of the definition of 'indirectly', recovery of victim digital data, the process of establishing cooperation between UPT and the National Cyber and Crypto Agency (BSSN), online reporting, mechanisms for handling and social protection of victims, special procedures related to the procedural law, and improving the legal structure (law enforcement officers).Key Words: Human rights; legal protection; online gender-based violenceAbstrakPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui perlindungan hukum korban kekerasan berbasis gender online di Indonesia dan konstruksi hukum perlindungan korban kekerasan berbasis gender online menurut hukum hak asasi manusia. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian hukum normatif yang menggunakan pendekatan perundang-undangan, pendekatan kasus, dan pendekatan konseptual. Hasil penelitian ini menyimpulkan pertama, bahwa Indonesia belum memiliki peraturan perundang-undangan yang secara khusus mengatur perlindungan hukum korban Kekerasan Berbasis Gender Online (KBGO) sehingga penanganan kasus terkait KBGO masih berdasar pada Undang-Undang Nomor 11 Tahun 2008 tentang Informasi dan Transaksi Elektronik (UU ITE) dan Undang-Undang Nomor 44 Tahun 2008 tentang Pornografi (UU Pornografi). Akan tetapi, kedua undang-undang tersebut belum mengatur perlindungan korban KBGO secara komprehensif. Kedua, konstruksi hukum perlindungan korban KBGO secara umum diatur dalam Rancangan Undang-Undang Penghapusan Kekerasan Seksual (RUU PKS). Akan tetapi, untuk memenuhi perlindungan korban KBGO, RUU PKS tersebut perlu direvisi dengan mengatur ketentuan mengenai perluasan definisi 'secara tidak langsung', pemulihan data digital korban, proses penjalinan kerjasama antara UPT dengan Badan Siber dan Sandi Negara (BSSN), pelaporan online, mekanisme penanganan dan perlindungan korban secara sosial, prosedur khusus terkait hukum acaranya, dan memperbaiki struktur hukum (aparat penegak hukum).Kata Kunci: Hak asasi manusia; kekerasan berbasis gender online; perlindungan hukum ; Perkembangan teknologi mengiringi bentuk-bentuk kejahatan baru yang ada ranah internet. Kekerasan Berbasis Gender Online (KBGO) adalah kekerasan yang difasilitasi teknologi internet yang bertujuan untuk menyerang korban berdasarkan gender dan seksualitas. Perkembangan KBGO setiap tahun semakin bertambah, terutama pada pelaporan kepada Komnas Perempuan 3 tahun terakhir. Penelitian ini berjudul Konstruksi Hukum Perlindungan Korban KBGO Menurut Hukum Hak Asasi Manusia. Penelitian ini dilatarbelakangi oleh dua rumusan masalah, pertama tentang jaminan perlindungan hukum korban KBGO dan yang kedua adalah konstruksi hukum perlindungan korban KBGO menurut Hukum Hak Asasi Manusia. Secara metodologis, penelitian ini termasuk dalam penelitian normatif dengan pendekatan konseptual yuridis. Sebagai kesimpulan, pertama, bahwa penyelesaian kasus-kasus KBGO di Indonesia masih terbatas pada penggunaan Undang-Undang Nomor 11 Tahun 2008 tentang Informasi dan Transaksi Elektronik dan Undang-Undang Nomor 44 Tahun 2008 tentang Pornografi. Kedua UU tersebut tidak sesuai dengan semangat KBGO dan masih berfokus kepada penyelesaian kasus dengan memberikan hukuman pada para pelaku dan melupakan konsep perlindungan kepada korban. Kedua, penulis mencoba untuk mengkonstruksikan hukum perlindungan korban KBGO untuk dapat ditambahkan kedalam Rancangan Undang-Undang Penghapusan Kekerasan Seksual terkhusus tentang kekerasan di ranah internet. Penulis juga menambahkan terkait pada saat hingga pasca proses peradilan, yang dilakukan secara langsung melalui pendampingan secara sosial & psikologis maupun perlindungan terkait data digital.
Rapid development of science and technology has become an indicator of disruption era in which innovation and fundamental changes happens. Amidst COVID-19 pandemic enforced the government to limit social mobility and shift all offline activities to online since early 2020 and bring impact in escalating people's access to cyberspace. One of the logical implication is increasing cases of online gender-based violence towards Indonesian women. Referring to definition by the Broadband Commission for Digital Development, online gender-based violence is a technology-facilitated act of gender-based discriminative violence towards certain person and causing traumatic effects. The Annual Record of Violence Against Women issued by Indonesia's National Commission on Violence Against Women in 2021 stated that the online gender-based violence rise significantly to 699 cases or up to 300% in the past 2 years (2019 until 2020). Based upon this urgency hence formulated a research comprise of: (1) The dynamics of violence against Indonesian women during the COVID-19; (2) Analysis and evaluation of RUU PKS and UU ITE as the legal basis to protect women as victims of online gender-based violence; (3) Optimization of the institution in protection for women as victims of online gender-based violence during pandemic. This research uses normative juridical method with literature study approach. The results are several weaknesses still founded in Indonesia's legal instruments, especially in UU ITE as Indonesia's Cyber Law to overcome online gender-based violence. However, RUU PKS will be useful when legalized. As for the existence of legal protection supporting institutions, still needs to be optimized.
This article aims to elaborate on the phenomenon of Online Gender Based Violence (KBGO) during the Covid-19 (Covid-19) pandemic. The Covid-19 pandemic has led to a transformation of lifestyle from conventional to digital-based. In addition to the positive impact, digital transformation has created a negative impact, namely helping to strengthen the practice of online gender-based violence on social media. The lack of digital literacy and the opening of opportunities have influenced the spread of online gender-based violence practices on social media. This study uses an explanatory qualitative research method through in-depth interviews. This article states that anticipatory steps are needed as an effort to prevent this practice including; First, strengthening digital literacy, especially for the millennial generation. Second, build a networked digital community. Third, the involvement of men for early detection and prevention. Finally, the government's role is needed to create regulations that can eradicate the practice of online gender-based violence.
In 1997 the Internet was seen by many as a tool for radical reinterpretation of physicality and gender. Cybertheorists predicted we would leave our bodies behind and interact online as disembodied minds, and that the technology would reshape the way we saw ourselves. However, physicality has proved to be an inextricable part of all our interactions. Changing Internet technology has allowed Net users to find a myriad ways to perform and express their gender online.
In this paper I consider attitudes to gender on the Net in 1997, when the main concerns were the imbalance between men and women online and whether it was possible or desirable to bring the body into online interactions. In much of the discourse surrounding gender online, a simple binary was assumed to exist. I go on to consider the extent to which those attitudes have changed today. Through my own experience of setting up a women's community on Livejournal, and my observations of a men's community set up in response, I conclude that though traditional attitudes to gender have largely translated to the Net and the binary is still the default view, some shifts have occurred. For example, between 1997 and today there seems to have been a fundamental change in perceptions of women's attitudes to adversarial debate, and an increase in awareness of genders beyond the binary.
In addition, experience and preliminary investigation lead me toward a hypothesis that today's female-identified Net users are engaged in more conscious and active exploration and performance of their gender online than male-identified users are.
Ziel der Umfrage ist es, die Arbeitsbedingungen, die Arbeitsmuster und die Vereinbarkeit von Beruf und Privatleben von Frauen und Männern, die auf Plattformen arbeiten, aus einer geschlechtsspezifischen Perspektive zu untersuchen.
Die Online-Panelerhebung unter Plattformarbeitern wurde in 10 ausgewählten EU-Ländern - Dänemark, Spanien, Frankreich, Lettland, den Niederlanden, Polen, Rumänien, Slowenien, der Slowakei und Finnland - durchgeführt und konzentrierte sich auf die Identifizierung und Erfassung von Daten von Plattformarbeitern. Die Befragten im Alter von 16 bis 54 Jahren, die die Filterfragen zur Plattformarbeit bestanden hatten, nahmen an der Online-Umfrage teil und erhielten die Fragen, die sich an Plattformarbeiter richteten. Die Nicht-Wahrscheinlichkeitsstichprobe der Umfrageteilnehmer wurde mit Hilfe des Verbraucherumfrage-Panel-Aggregators Cint durchgeführt. Das Panel enthält detaillierte demografische Informationen, die für die Auswahl der Befragten und die Validierung der Umfragedaten verwendet wurden. Die Feldarbeit der Umfrage wurde im November und Dezember 2020 durchgeführt. Die endgültige, validierte Stichprobe der Plattformarbeiter umfasste 4 932 Befragte.
