"Most industrial countries have traditionally subsidized the provision of higher education. Alternative financing schemes, which rely on larger contributions from students, are being increasingly adopted. Those based on income-contingent loans provide insurance against uncertain educational outcomes. We consider a unified framework where we analyze the following schemes: 1) the traditional tax-subsidy, 2) pure loans, 3) income-contingent loans with risk-sharing, and 4) income-contingent loans with risk-pooling. We focus on their insurance role and their effect on higher education participation. We show that an income-contingent loan with risk-pooling can induce the optimal level of participation provided that it covers both financial costs of education and forgone earnings." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
Despite recent efforts by the Government of Indonesia to promote renewable energy investments, fossil fuels continue to account for around 90% of the national power generation mix. High financing costs and low power purchase agreement tariffs have been identified as major roadblocks for renewable energy investments in the country. This report examines how an Energy Resilience Fund can be designed to overcome the investment challenges by providing financial incentives for renewable energy developers. It makes recommendations for the fund's scope, structure, institutional design, function, and operation. Potential funding sources are also assessed.
ABSTRACT The present study aims to identify the importance of Islamic micro-financing schemes among the financial institutions and also determine the knowledge and attitudes of the respondents towards Shari'ah based financial products. A mixed-method approach, including quantitative and qualitative designs, has been employed by recruiting 255 and 15 respondents, respectively. The results showed no significant differences between respondents' knowledge and access to Shari'a-compliant finance. Similarly, there were no significant differences between respondents depending on their length of stay in the UK, ethnicity, and employment status. Moreover, this required financial support and empowerment from the government and related institutions.
Testimony issued by the General Accounting Office with an abstract that begins "Medicaid, the federal-state health financing program for many of the nation's most vulnerable populations, finances health care for an estimated 53 million lowincome Americans, at a cost of $244 billion in 2002. Congress structured Medicaid as a shared fiduciary responsibility of the federal government and the states, with the federal share of each state's Medicaid payments determined by a formula specified by law. In 2002, the federal share of each state's expenditures ranged from 50 to 76 percent under this formula; in the aggregate, the federal share of total Medicaid expenditures was 57 percent. Some states have used a number of creative financing schemes that take advantage of statutory and regulatory loopholes to claim excessive federal matching payments. GAO was asked to summarize prior work on how some of these schemes operated, including the role of intergovernmental transfers (IGT), which enable government entities--such as the state and local-government facilities like county nursing homes--to transfer funds among themselves. GAO was also asked to discuss these schemes' effects on the federalstate Medicaid partnership and to discuss what can be done to curtail them."
Testimony issued by the General Accounting Office with an abstract that begins "Pursuant to a congressional request, GAO discussed the federal government's role in helping pay for Medicaid, focusing on how: (1) the current financing scheme works; and (2) it compromises the agreement for federal/state sharing of Medicaid financing."
The paper presents some reflections and results on the processes of liberalisation and financial reforms as related to Latin American agricultural development. It discusses the various actions undertaken by development banks to implement the national schemes or systems of agricultural financing. The third part includes the activities scheduled for implementation serving rural development, concerning studies, research, meetings, training courses, technical assistance and information. (DSE/DÜI)
Health insurance delivers the capacity for the government to raise additional funds for essential public health services and provide cover through risk sharing, and promote access to health care services especially amongst poorer sections of the population. Hence it is one aspect of social security and a poverty reduction strategy. Hence the purpose of the study was to establish individual households
A letter report issued by the General Accounting Office with an abstract that begins "Some states have taken advantage of the flexibility that Congress built into the Medicaid program by devising schemes that inappropriately boost the federal share of program expenditures. These schemes were adding billions of dollars a year to federal Medicaid costs without the states paying their statutorily specified share of program costs. Moreover, some of the federal funds were being spent for non-Medicaid purposes. After hearing about these financing schemes, Congress passed the Medicare, Medicaid, and SCHIP Benefits Improvement and Protection Act of 2000 (BIPA). In response, the Health Care Financing Administration (HCFA) issued regulations in January 2001 to curtail financing schemes involving excessive payments to local government providers for which a separate upper payment limit did not exist. However, less than a month after the revised upper payment limit regulation became effective, HCFA decided to amend the regulation to shorten the time some states were allowed to comply with it. This reversal resulted in the approval of new financing schemes for several states that had pending proposals mimicking the schemes identified last year. The transition periods were of varying lengths, depending on how long a state had been receiving excessive federal payments from one of these schemes. Believing that states just starting to receive excessive federal payments did not need the two-year transition period established in the January regulation, HCFA decided to shorten the transition period to limit federal liability. Although the September regulation--which limited the length of time states can operate their newly approved excessive funding schemes--will reduce the drain on federal Medicaid funds, GAO questions HCFA's decision to approve additional financing schemes, given the explicit effort to curtail them."
A profit and lost sharing system is an agreement between a financier (shahibul mal) and a capital manager (mudharib) to run a particular economic business with a profit sharing and risk loss scheme. At this time a lot of literature encourages PLS schemes as the main mode of Islamic banking system, but in practice it is avoided. The research aims to theoretically evaluate the causes of PLS contracts in Islamic banking fail to be fully accepted and be excellent for investors in Islamic Banking. The results showed that the use of PLS (mudharabah and musharakah) schemes in Islamic (sharia) Banking in Indonesia, Malaysia, Pakistan, Turkey and Morocco did show a low percentage of total financing. There are internal factors and external factors that hinder the development of PLS schemes. Internal factors include moral hazard concern from partners, low trust in partners, weak monitoring systems, weak capabilities and collateral from partner companies. While external factors include; public literacy on Islamic banking products, government support, and supervision from regulators. Some of these factors arise because of a misunderstanding of the PLS system. Therefore, it is necessary to reprogram the perception of Shahibul mal and mudarib in the PLS scheme. This research is expected to contribute to the development and improvement of PLS schemes in Islamic Banking. ; Abstrak: Sistem bagi hasil dan pembagian kerugian adalah kesepakatan antara pemodal (shahibul mal) dan manajer modal (mudharib) untuk menjalankan bisnis ekonomi tertentu dengan skema bagi hasil dan risiko kerugian. Pada saat ini banyak literatur mendorong skema PLS sebagai mode utama sistem perbankan Islam, tetapi dalam praktiknya hal itu dihindari. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk secara teoritis mengevaluasi penyebab kontrak PLS di perbankan syariah gagal diterima sepenuhnya dan menjadi sangat baik bagi investor di Perbankan Syariah. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penggunaan skema PLS (mudharabah dan musharakah) dalam Perbankan Syariah (syariah) di Indonesia, Malaysia, Pakistan, Turki dan Maroko memang menunjukkan persentase rendah dari total pembiayaan. Ada faktor internal dan faktor eksternal yang menghambat pengembangan skema PLS. Faktor internal termasuk masalah moral hazard dari mitra, kepercayaan yang rendah pada mitra, sistem pemantauan yang lemah, kemampuan yang lemah dan jaminan dari perusahaan mitra. Sedangkan faktor eksternal meliputi; literasi publik tentang produk perbankan syariah, dukungan pemerintah, dan pengawasan dari regulator. Beberapa faktor ini muncul karena kesalahpahaman sistem PLS. Oleh karena itu, perlu memprogram ulang persepsi Shahibul mal dan mudarib dalam skema PLS. Penelitian ini diharapkan dapat berkontribusi pada pengembangan dan peningkatan skema PLS di Perbankan Syariah.
