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Due to the globalisation of commercial exchanges, foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a major concern in France as well as in the other European Union (EU) countries. The economic consequences of FMD are so serious that any outbreak results in the immediate closure of borders for exports. The recent 2001 crisis in the UK is a particularly demonstrative example. Preventative measures are mainly based on increased surveillance and control of transports of animals, especially sheep, or their products within EU countries and at their borders. ; Du fait de la mondialisation des échanges commerciaux, la fièvre aphteuse constitue un danger majeur aussi bien pour la France que pour les autres pays de l'Union européenne (UE), les conséquences économiques, gravissimes, se traduisant par la fermeture immédiate des frontières aux exportations. La récente crise anglaise de 2001 en est un exemple particulièrement démonstratif. Les mesures adoptées pour prévenir la maladie consistent essentiellement à renforcer les systèmes de surveillance et les contrôles des transports d'animaux - notamment d'ovins - ou de leurs produits dans les pays de l'UE ainsi qu'à leurs frontières.

Sous, une forme très abrégée, l'auteur évoque les faits importants ayant marqué l'évolution des activités scientifiques et techniques de l'O.I.E. pendant la période considérée : développement d'un Service mon dial d'information ; connaissance approfondie de l'évolution des épizooties et de leur épizootologie ; politique de prophylaxie ayant fait l'objet des principales résolutions du Comité ; travaux des Commissions spécialisées et des Commissions régionales ; développement des relations avec les autres Organisations internationales ; documentation, publications ; trans formations de l'immeuble du Siège ; études juridiques ; témoignages du développement continuel de ces activités de l'O.I.E. ; In an abbreviated form, the author evokes the considerable progress achieved in the scientific and technical activities of the O.I.E. during the period under consideration, viz: development of à world reporting system on the evolution of epizootics; better knowledge of the evolution of epizootic diseases and of their epizootiology; working out of a prophylaxis policy by the resolutions of the Committee of the O.I.E.; work of the specialists and regional Commissions, development of the relations of the O.I.E. and the other international Organisations; documentation, publica tions; changes in the O.I.E. headquarters premises; legal studies; tokens of the continuous development of these activities of the O.I.E.

Books reviewed:Office International Des Epizooties (World Organization for Animal Health) World Animal Health in 1998, Part 1: Reports on the Animal Health Status and Disease Control Methods and Tables on Incidence of List A Diseases and Part 2: Tables on the Animal Health Status and Disease Control MethodsPeter Sedlmeier. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Mahwah Improving Statistical Reasoning: Theoretical Models and Practical ImplicationsAndrew Ford. Island Press Modeling the Environment. An Introduction to System Dynamics Modeling of Environmental SystemsJacob I. Bregman. Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton Environmental Impact Statements, Second Edition

AbstractFrom the late nineteenth century onwards, the danger of animal diseases crossing national borders became increasingly apparent. The vast increase in the global trade in animals and animal products turned such diseases into a threat to both economic relations and public health, and called for international attention. Governments and groups of transnational experts began to develop cross-border networking strategies to counter the spread of animal diseases. Significant new developments started after the First World War with the establishment of a number of international animal health institutions, along with the Office International des Epizooties in Paris and the Veterinary Subcommittees of the League of Nations. This article traces the work of these two international animal health agencies and the interaction between their role as intergovernmental platforms and their capacity to define their own terms of reference.

The aim of this report is to give detailed information on the diagnostic examination on trans-missible spongiform encephalopathies (TSE) performed in Denmark during 2016. The present annual report is the 21 st on this topic published by the National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark (DTU-VET). The report is made to fulfil the demands given by the EU Commission (Regulation No 999/2001 of the European Parliament and the Council of 22. May 2001) and the Office Inter-national des Epizooties (OIE) (Manual of Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines for Terrestrial Ani-mals, 5th edition 2008, Chapter 2.4.6 and Chapter 2.7.13) regarding diagnostic examinations.The DTU-VET is the national reference laboratory of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) and TSE/Scrapie, and therefore the results of all neuropathological examinations on BSE and Scrapie in Denmark are given in the present report as in previous years.

The aim of this report is to give detailed information on the diagnostic examination on transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSE) performed in Denmark during 2014. The present annual report is the 19 th on this topic published by the National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark (DTU-VET). The report is made to fulfil the demands given by the EU Commission (Regulation No 999/2001 of the European Parliament and the Council of 22. May 2001) and the Office Inter-national des Epizooties (OIE) (Manual of Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines for Terrestrial Animals, 5 th edition 2008, Chapter 2.4.6 and Chapter 2.7.13) regarding diagnostic examinations. The DTU-VET is the national reference laboratory of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) and TSE/Scrapie, and therefore the results of all neuropathological examinations on BSE and Scrapie in Denmark are given in the present report as in previous years.

The aim of this report is to give detailed information on the diagnostic examination on trans-missible spongiform encephalopathies (TSE) performed in Denmark during 2013. The present annual report is the 18th on this topic published by the National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark (DTU-VET). The report is made to fulfil the demands given by the EU Commission (Regulation No 999/2001 of the European Parliament and the Council of 22. May 2001) and the Office Inter-national des Epizooties (OIE) (Manual of Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines for Terrestrial Ani-mals, 5th edition 2008, Chapter 2.4.6 and Chapter 2.7.13) regarding diagnostic examinations. The DTU-VET is the national reference laboratory of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) and TSE/Scrapie, and therefore the results of all neuropathological examinations on BSE and Scrapie in Denmark are given in the present report as in previous years.

The aim of this report is to give detailed information on the diagnostic examination on trans-missible spongiform encephalopathies (TSE) performed in Denmark during 2012. The present annual report is the 17th on this topic published by the National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark (DTU-VET). The report is made to fulfil the demands given by the EU Commission (Regulation No 999/2001 of the European Parliament and the Council of 22. May 2001) and the Office Inter-national des Epizooties (OIE) (Manual of Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines for Terrestrial Ani-mals, 5th edition 2008, Chapter 2.4.6 and Chapter 2.7.13) regarding diagnostic examinations. The DTU-VET is the national reference laboratory of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) and TSE/Scrapie, and therefore the results of all neuropathological examinations on BSE and Scrapie in Denmark are given in the present report as in previous years.

Peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) is a virus that mainly infects goats and sheep causing significant economic loss in Africa and Asia, but also posing a serious threat to Europe, as recent outbreaks in Georgia (2016) and Bulgaria (2018) have been reported. In order to carry out the eradication of PPRV, an objective set for 2030 by the Office International des Epizooties (OIE) and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), close collaboration between governments, pharmaceutical companies, farmers and researchers, among others, is needed. Today, more than ever, as seen in the response to the SARS-CoV2 pandemic that we are currently experiencing, these goals are feasible. We summarize in this review the current vaccination approaches against PPRV in the field, discussing their advantages and shortfalls, as well as the development and generation of new vaccination strategies, focusing on the potential use of adenovirus as vaccine platform against PPRV and more broadly against other ruminant pathogens.

After almost 40 years, the 27 member states (MS) of the European Union (EU) will comply with the European Law 429/2016 in 2021 by completing a process of unification and harmonization of all regulations related to animal health between MS. These new provisions are based on modern scientific principles on animal health, on long-term epidemiological data, and, above all, on the most current risk assessment and analysis. The paper describes all changes and updates, which will impact the Italian current National regulation. A total of 58 animal diseases have been included in the Annex II (&ldquo ; Listing&rdquo ; ) and Annex IV (&ldquo ; Categorization&rdquo ; ) of the new Delegated Act (DA 2018/1629). Five diseases comprising the great viral epizooties were automatically included on the list because of their primary importance. These diseases include foot and mouth disease (FMD), African swine fever (ASF), classical swine fever (CSF), highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI), and African horse sickness (AHS). Another 53 diseases have been identified by the ad hoc assessment on listing and categorization of animal diseases developed by the European Food Safety Association. Seventeen communicable diseases of the Order Artiodactlya (sheep, goats, deer, etc.) have been listed including foot and mouth disease, sheep and goat pox, and pestes de petits ruminants. In addition, other endemic diseases affecting more than one species include blue tongue, tuberculosis, brucellosis, and anthrax. There are five categories (A-E) based on the degree of action to be undertaken throughout the EU for each disease. These vary from complete eradication for diseases not normally found in the EU like FMD (category A) for establishing surveillance for diseases like West Nile that present high risk but lack control tools (category E).

© Wildlife Disease Association 2019. Many infectious diseases originating from, or carried by, wildlife affect wildlife conservation and biodiversity, livestock health, or human health. We provide an update on changes in the epidemiology of 25 selected infectious, wildlife-related diseases in Europe (from 2010–16) that had an impact, or may have a future impact, on the health of wildlife, livestock, and humans. These pathogens were selected based on their: 1) identification in recent Europe-wide projects as important surveillance targets, 2) inclusion in European Union legislation as pathogens requiring obligatory surveillance, 3) presence in recent literature on wildlife-related diseases in Europe since 2010, 4) inclusion in key pathogen lists released by the Office International des Epizooties, 5) identification in conference presentations and informal discussions on a group email list by a European network of wildlife disease scientists from the European Wildlife Disease Association, or 6) identification as pathogens with changes in their epidemiology during 2010–16. The wildlife pathogens or diseases included in this review are: avian influenza virus, seal influenza virus, lagoviruses, rabies virus, bat lyssaviruses, filoviruses, canine distemper virus, morbilliviruses in aquatic mammals, bluetongue virus, West Nile virus, hantaviruses, Schmallenberg virus, Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus, African swine fever virus, amphibian ranavirus, hepatitis E virus, bovine tuberculosis (Mycobacterium bovis), tularemia (Francisella tularensis), brucellosis (Brucella spp.), salmonellosis (Salmonella spp.), Coxiella burnetii, chytridiomycosis, Echinococcus multilocularis, Leishmania infantum, and chronic wasting disease. Further work is needed to identify all of the key drivers of disease change and emergence, as they appear to be influencing the incidence and spread of these pathogens in Europe. We present a summary of these recent changes during 2010–16 to discuss possible commonalities and drivers of disease ...

Many infectious diseases originating from, or carried by, wildlife affect wildlife conservation and biodiversity, livestock health, or human health. We provide an update on changes in the epidemiology of 25 selected infectious, wildlife-related diseases in Europe (from 2010-16) that had an impact, or may have a future impact, on the health of wildlife, livestock, and humans. These pathogens were selected based on their: 1) identification in recent Europe-wide projects as important surveillance targets, 2) inclusion in European Union legislation as pathogens requiring obligatory surveillance, 3) presence in recent literature on wildlife-related diseases in Europe since 2010, 4) inclusion in key pathogen lists released by the Office International des Epizooties, 5) identification in conference presentations and informal discussions on a group email list by a European network of wildlife disease scientists from the European Wildlife Disease Association, or 6) identification as pathogens with changes in their epidemiology during 2010-16. The wildlife pathogens or diseases included in this review are: avian influenza virus, seal influenza virus, lagoviruses, rabies virus, bat lyssaviruses, filoviruses, canine distemper virus, morbilliviruses in aquatic mammals, bluetongue virus, West Nile virus, hantaviruses, Schmallenberg virus, Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus, African swine fever virus, amphibian ranavirus, hepatitis E virus, bovine tuberculosis ( Mycobacterium bovis), tularemia ( Francisella tularensis), brucellosis ( Brucella spp.), salmonellosis ( Salmonella spp.), Coxiella burnetii, chytridiomycosis, Echinococcus multilocularis, Leishmania infantum, and chronic wasting disease. Further work is needed to identify all of the key drivers of disease change and emergence, as they appear to be influencing the incidence and spread of these pathogens in Europe. We present a summary of these recent changes during 2010-16 to discuss possible commonalities and drivers of disease change and to identify directions for ...

Since 1994, the domestic poultry in Pakistan has experienced several outbreaks due to avian influenza viruses (AIVs) of subtypes H7N3, H5N1, and H9N2. Many aspects of the epidemiology of the disease are unknown. Assessment of the risk factors for introduction, spread and persistence of AIVs is necessary so that informed decisions can be made by the government and the industry to manage outbreaks. In this thesis, available country-specific information on poultry production, avian influenza situation (and its evolution) and institutional responses was collated for epidemiological analyses and to assist in the design of control strategies. In addition, studies were carried out to provide insight into risk factors of the disease. One possible route by which AIVs may be introduced into domestic poultry is through migratory wild birds. Pakistan is situated within the Central Asian flyway of migrating birds and contains more than 225 wetlands. The wetland areas provide wintering and staging grounds for a large number of migratory birds coming from Siberia and Central Asian states. The migratory season ranges from September until March. A retrospective case-series analysis of previous H5N1 outbreaks (2006-2008) was performed which revealed that 64% of outbreaks reported to the Office International des Epizooties (OIE) occurred during the migratory period. To answer the question, which areas should be given priority in surveillance and prevention of AIVs transmission during the migratory season, a subset of Asian waterbird census (AWC) data was reviewed and mapped. The data contained local names of 535 sites and annual mid-winter counts of waterbirds from 1987 to 2007. The majority of the sites were not counted regularly leading to gaps in sites-by-years data matrix, (here called missing values). The location of AWC sites provided a crude approximation of spatial distribution of waterbirds during the migratory period. It was also possible to map the maximum reported count per site and find out clusters of undersampled ...