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Award-winning historian Susan Pearson traces the birth certificate s two-hundred-year history to explain when, how, and why they came to matter so much in the United States. This is a fascinating biography of a piece of paper that grounds our understanding of how those who live in the United States are considered Americans

Abstract
Several European countries have taken measures to discourage or ban physicians from issuing virginity certificates to migrant women, with the stated aim of protecting these women from oppression. Arguments against the practice are centred around questions of medical ethics, gender inequality, and autonomy. What underpins these arguments is an evaluation of whether women have a choice in matters related to their sexuality. This article shows that the reasons provided for why virginity certificates should not be issued can similarly be applied to the prescription of erectile dysfunction medication, yet the latter practice remains largely unquestioned. It argues that the discrepancy in approaches to both practices points to an a priori understanding of migrant women as non-agentic, grounded in racial gendered norms, and that agency is mobilised as a biopolitical tool to Other migrant women and communities. Current approaches towards virginity certificates thus replicate the oppression of the migrant women they (cl)aim to liberate.

Between the late 1950s and mid-1970s, British cinema experienced an explosion of X-certificated films. In parallel with an era marked by social, political, and sexual ferment and upheaval, British filmmakers and censors pushed and guarded the permissible limits of violence, horror, revolt, and sexuality on screen. Adult Themes is the first volume entirely devoted to the exploration of British X certificate films across this transformative period, since identified as 'the long 1960s'. How did the British Board of Film Censors, harried on one side by the censorious and moralistic, and beset on the other by demands for greater artistic freedom, oversee and manage this provocative body of films? How did the freedoms and restrictions of the X certificate hasten, determine, and reshape post-war British cinema into an artistic, exploitational, and unapologetically adult medium? Contributors to this collection consider these central questions as they take us to swinging parties, on youthful crime sprees, into local council meetings, on police raids of cinemas, and around Soho strip clubs, and introduce us to mass murderers, lesbian vampires, apoplectic protestors, eroticised middle-aged women, and rebellious working-class men. Adult Themes examines both the workings and negotiations of British film censorship, the limits of artistic expression, and a wider culture of X certificate cinema. This is an important volume for students and scholars of British Film History and censorship, Media Studies, the 1960s, and Cultural and Sexuality Studies, while simultaneously an entertaining read for all connoisseurs of British cinema at its most vivid and scandalous.

This document forms part of the research materials collected in the 'School knowledge, working knowledge and the knowing subject: a review of state curriculum policies 1975-2005' project. The research was led by Professor Lyn Yates and was funded as a Discovery Project by the Australian Research Council (2007-2008), supplemented by further funding from the University of Melbourne through 2009. Curriculum policies and major education reports collected as part of this project were digitised to preserve as a resource for future researchers and policy makers with the support of the University Library and the Social and Cultural Informatics Platform.

The UNESCO World Heritage List contains the 900 most treasured Sites of humanity's culture and landscapes. The World Heritage List is beneficial where heritage sites are undetected, disregarded by national decision-makers, not commercially exploitable, and where national financial resources, political control and technical knowledge for conservation are inadequate. Alternatives such as the market and reliance on national conservation list are more beneficial where the cultural and natural sites are already popular, markets work well, and where inclusion in the List does not raise the destruction potential by excessive tourism, and in times of war or by terrorists.

Se conoce como «test cultural» en el lenguaje jurídico de la Unión Europea a los requisitos o criterios culturales exigidos por el marco de regulación del derecho europeo, los cuales, de acuerdo con el principio de subsidiariedad, son definidos por cada uno de los Estados miembros y adaptados a sus propios sistemas nacionales de ayudas públicas a la cinematografía. El punto de partida de este trabajo será el estudio de caso de la introducción del test cultural (certificado cultural) en la normativa española de regulación del cine, el cual nos conducirá a analizar desde una perspectiva interdisciplinar (humanística y jurídica, principalmente) el significado del concepto de cultura en un texto jurídico concreto a saber, el texto que introduce los criterios para obtener el «certificado cultural» español definidos por resolución del Instituto de la Cinematografía y de las Artes Audiovisuales (ICAA) de 2 de julio de 2010. ; The term "cultural test" is known in the legal language of the European Union as the cultural criteria required by the EU Law. They are defined, in compliance with the application of the subsidiary principle, by each member state according to verifiable national criteria and adapted to their own state aid system for film making. The gist of this paper is to case study the introduction of the cultural test of the Spanish Film Law, which hopefully would allow us a humanistic and legal approach to the analysis of the culture concept in a specific legal text: the criteria needed to obtain the Spanish cultural certificate can be found in the "Resolución del Instituto de la Cinematografía y de las Artes Audiovisuales (ICAA) de 2 de julio de 2010 Resolución de 2 de julio de 2010, del Instituto de la Cinematografía y de las Artes Audiovisuales, por la que se establecen criterios para la obtención del certificado cultural a los efectos del cumplimiento de los requisitos necesarios en materia de ayudas a la amortización de largometraje".

Se conoce como «test cultural» en el lenguaje jurídico de la Unión Europea a los requisitos o criterios culturales exigidos por el marco de regulación del derecho europeo, los cuales, de acuerdo con el principio de subsidiariedad, son definidos por cada uno de los Estados miembros y adaptados a sus propios sistemas nacionales de ayudas públicas a la cinematografía. El punto de partida de este trabajo será el estudio de caso de la introducción del test cultural (certificado cultural) en la normativa española de regulación del cine, el cual nos conducirá a analizar desde una perspectiva interdisciplinar (humanística y jurídica, principalmente) el significado del concepto de cultura en un texto jurídico concreto a saber, el texto que introduce los criterios para obtener el «certificado cultural» español definidos por resolución del Instituto de la Cinematografía y de las Artes Audiovisuales (ICAA) de 2 de julio de 2010. ; The term "cultural test" is known in the legal language of the European Union as the cultural criteria required by the EU Law. They are defined, in compliance with the application of the subsidiary principle, by each member state according to verifiable national criteria and adapted to their own state aid system for film making. The gist of this paper is to case study the introduction of the cultural test of the Spanish Film Law, which hopefully would allow us a humanistic and legal approach to the analysis of the culture concept in a specific legal text: the criteria needed to obtain the Spanish cultural certificate can be found in the "Resolución del Instituto de la Cinematografía y de las Artes Audiovisuales (ICAA) de 2 de julio de 2010 Resolución de 2 de julio de 2010, del Instituto de la Cinematografía y de las Artes Audiovisuales, por la que se establecen criterios para la obtención del certificado cultural a los efectos del cumplimiento de los requisitos necesarios en materia de ayudas a la amortización de largometraje".

Archaeoastronomers have made great strides in development of research methodologies, yet there is limited curriculum available to train new practitioners. If we seek results that address current archaeological research questions, then our work must necessarily be pertinent to such questions and grounded in rigorous archaeoastronomy fieldwork and analytical methods. Furthermore, the inferences we create should be supported by the points of intersection between archaeoastronomical data and archaeological theory (Iwaniszewski, 2015). To achieve these objectives, practitioners must be aware of current archaeological research questions, trained in archaeoastronomy methods, and aware of the intersections between archaeoastronomical data and archaeological theory. Historical and ethnohistorical information from a wide variety of cultures demonstrate that visual astronomy may be interconnected with cosmovision, politics, ritual, religion, and economics in variable and unique ways. Research must be iterative and interdisciplinary. To illustrate variations in interdisciplinary sources, we briefly present two case studies. These case studies underscore the variability of sources supporting archaeoastronomy research; therefore, a curriculum and supporting instructional materials to train practitioners must by definition be interdisciplinary (see, e.g., Magli, 2016). Such a curriculum is under development for the University of Oklahoma's College of Professional and Continuing Studies (OU PACS). One key charter of OU PACS is interdisciplinary study. The OU PACS Archaeoastronomy program will integrate astronomy, anthropology, archaeology, history of science, and history of religion. The program is initially planned to include five (5) graduate courses offered as a graduate certificate. The program prominently features North American archaeoastronomy and will include a field methods practicum.