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This issue of the Nordic Journal of Architecture Research includes editor's notes and eleven papers on architectural competition. Editort's Notes points out four overlapping perspectives on competitions: Research, Market, Politics and Profession. ; QC 20111102

Introduction: Interethnic Competition, Economic Change, and Labor Migration --Interethnic Competition During Economic Decline --Interethnic Competition During Economic Growth --Voluntary Migration: Capacities and Incentives --Involuntary Migration: Ethnic Dilution, Consolidation, and Cleansing --Domestic Regulation of Migration: Inducements and Impediments --International Regulation of Migration: Immigration and Emigration Policies --Interethnic Conflict: an Inevitable Consequence?

The article is a set of materials of the round-table discussion «The Energy Dialogue between Russia and the EU: Cooperation or Competition?», which took place on March 28, 2018 on the faculty of humanities and social sciences of the Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University) with partaking of political and economic experts, staff and PhD students of the Chair of Comparative Politics of the RUDN University as well as PhD students of the foreign institutions. The round-table discussion comprised a wide range of issues related to energy cooperation between Russia and the European Union: the role of Russia and the EU in global energy, the main directions and trends of the EU-Russia energy dialogue, the challenges and prospects for contemporary energy cooperation, energy efficiency, energy security, geopolitical and geoeconomic aspects of cooperation as well as influence of «third parties» factor. ; Статья представляет собой сборник материалов «круглого стола» на тему: «Энергетический диалог России и ЕС: сотрудничество или конкуренция?», который был проведен на факультете гуманитарных и социальных наук Российского университета дружбы народов 28 марта 2018 г. и в котором приняли участие эксперты-политологи, сотрудники и аспиранты кафедры сравнительной политологии РУДН, а также аспиранты ряда зарубежных вузов. В рамках него был рассмотрен широкий круг вопросов, связанный с энергетическим сотрудничеством России и Европейского Союза: ролью России и ЕС в глобальной энергетике, основными направлениями и тенденциями энергодиалога России-ЕС, проблемами и перспективами энергетического сотрудничества на современном этапе, энергетической эффективностью, энергетической безопасностью, геополитическими и геоэкономическими аспектами сотрудничества и влиянием фактора «третьих стран».

Статья представляет собой сборник материалов «круглого стола» на тему: «Энергетический диалог России и ЕС: сотрудничество или конкуренция?», который был проведен на факультете гуманитарных и социальных наук Российского университета дружбы народов 28 марта 2018 г. и в котором приняли участие эксперты-политологи, сотрудники и аспиранты кафедры сравнительной политологии РУДН, а также аспиранты ряда зарубежных вузов. В рамках него был рассмотрен широкий круг вопросов, связанный с энергетическим сотрудничеством России и Европейского Союза: ролью России и ЕС в глобальной энергетике, основными направлениями и тенденциями энергодиалога России-ЕС, проблемами и перспективами энергетического сотрудничества на современном этапе, энергетической эффективностью, энергетической безопасностью, геополитическими и геоэкономическими аспектами сотрудничества и влиянием фактора «третьих стран». ; The article is a set of materials of the round-table discussion «The Energy Dialogue between Russia and the EU: Cooperation or Competition?», which took place on March 28, 2018 on the faculty of humanities and social sciences of the Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University) with partaking of political and economic experts, staff and PhD students of the Chair of Comparative Politics of the RUDN University as well as PhD students of the foreign institutions. The round-table discussion comprised a wide range of issues related to energy cooperation between Russia and the European Union: the role of Russia and the EU in global energy, the main directions and trends of the EU-Russia energy dialogue, the challenges and prospects for contemporary energy cooperation, energy efficiency, energy security, geopolitical and geoeconomic aspects of cooperation as well as influence of «third parties» factor.

Competition amongst great powers is not new in international politics. It has traditionally been the driving force for the creation and collapse of empires and states. In the 19th–20th centuries, the British Empire established its dominion in the world over and maintained an uncontested global supremacy. To secure Britain's global dominance, in 1904, Sir Halford Mackinder dazed the world with his heartland theory. Ever since then, the theory remains one of the most discussed geopolitical theories. The article does not pretend or oblivious of the heaps of criticism Mackinder's theory has received over several decades, it nonetheless, employs the theory in the context of the contemporary international political environment, with particular reference to the happenings around the Indian Ocean, Persian Gulf, and Arabian Sea. So therefore, the point of analysis here centres around the applicability of the theory and the implications posed by Mackinderian geographical rationalisation in formulating foreign policy around what the article considers as the contemporary pivot area – the Indian Ocean. Through the theoretical understanding of Mackinder's thesis, the article argues that the Indian Ocean and its adjoining seas corridors and Straits are 'pivot areas' potential enough to generate competition amongst regional and global powers. The new 'pivot areas' is enormously endowed with natural resources and is the major energy highway(s), upon which global economies are dependent. The article concludes by arguing that a complex power competition (CPC) is brewing along the neo-pivot region.

Recently, there consists a rapid growth of Indomaret and Alfamart.so thateffects the existence of traditional traders. Research objectives are as follow; firstly, to understand and to analyze the effect of competition between Indomaret and Alfamart toward the existence of traditional traders. Secondly, to understand and to analyze the government's effort to redeem the effect. Research methodology which used is the combination of normative law research and empirical law research methodologies. Research outcomes are as follow; firstly, the negative effect is the traditional traders suffer turnover decline which subsequently lowers their profits. On the contrary, the positive effect is the competition stimulates the traditional traders to improve the qualities of their products, service, facilities as well as innovation so they could have competitive abilities; the traditional traders could create employment for other micro business scheme to endeavor those of UMKMs. Secondly, the government's effort to redeem the effect of competition between Indomaret and Alfamart toward the existence of traditional traders, is the policy of local regulation which specifically regulates licensing, localizing, and zone along with the analysis of social-economic of local society, including the existence of traditional traders.

Anyone taking a critical view of this Report and its recommendations must do so with some trepidation because the Ontario Government has appointed the ultimate in blue ribbon panels. I recall joining the federal Department of Energy, Mines and Resources in the late 1970s and asking a senior public servant who had been the best Minister during his 25 years in the Department. Without hesitation, he answered "Donald Macdonald" (who served as Chair of the Advisory Committee).