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This study offers a scene-by-scene translation of the works of nineteenth-century experts Julius Maák, Frantiek Kaván, and Antonn Slavek. The mid-twentieth century photographs of the eskomoravská vrchovina (Bohemian-Moravian highlands) by Josef Jambor were used for a comprehensive comparative investigation at the territory level. The relationship between Landscape painting and national and cultural identity will be investigated. The artistic depiction of the landscape has profoundly impacted the establishment of cultural identities in both China and Europe. In China, landscape depiction has a thousand-year history, but in Europe, it has only lately emerged. Shan Shui (landscape art) has always existed. Style- and function-wise, it has changed little since the Song era. Landscape depictions have profoundly impacted the development of social and public character throughout Europe. Identities and informing consumers about their country of origin. Here, Holland, England, Norway, Finland, and China are analyzed to demonstrate how landscape depictions contributed to the formation of their respective nations. Advocates of a particular conception of Chinese culture have had a limited political impact in China, in contrast to the United States. In Europe, landscape art has been developed in several situations, including to express support for various causes, national identity determination, and nationalism. This study intends to use painting as an interpretative tool to demonstrate how our interpretation of a scene has evolved over time. Fine arts faculties require a greater emphasis on the quality and amount of philosophy training, as well as its methodology, under the scope of "art philosophy." In arts education, various procedures and strategies must be utilized, and students must be capable of analyzing and comprehending works of art through multiple lenses. This study examines the contemporary experience of the panorama from historical, political, social, cultural, and aesthetic viewpoints. It contains various levels of significance, as opposed to just referring to gardens and agricultural areas or the Kantian conception of landscape as a distinct category within the field of visual arts. As a result of industrialization, the discovery of new places, and advancements in science, botany, and geography, the landscape began to change in the nineteenth century. In addition to scientific, cultural, and social improvements, the 20th century saw the incorporation of immaterial components. It has become a social construct as an expression of thoughts, memories, imagination, and emotions. As opposed to a static and seen work, the panorama is today understood as an interdisciplinary and collaborative creation. Comparing maps and photographs of the same websites during different time intervals is a common way of determining landscape change. Landscape paintings, which have a lengthy and renowned history in the Czech Republic, can also be rented in this manner.

Goldthorpe's class theory suggests that social class arises from employment relations in industrialised societies. This article assesses whether class in urban China can be approached from the same perspective by addressing three issues: (1) whether employment relations can capture China's class structure; (2) how differently class is shaped by occupational structure in China; and (3) how useful class is to help us understand income inequality. Based on a recent Chinese social survey, the analysis finds three clusters of Chinese employees that fit into the 'service', 'intermediate' and 'labour contract' class typologies suggested by Goldthorpe's class theory. Also, there is evidence that class links to occupational structures in a similar way between Chinese and western societies. Finally class, when directly measured from employment relations, displays a reasonable degree of explanatory power for inter-class income inequality whereas the Goldthorpe class classification fails to differentiate between intermediate and labour class positions.

This article studies the gender gap in job satisfaction and argues that the observed gender difference is a consequence of the heterogeneity in work orientations between men and women. Using data from the 2006 Skills Survey, the analysis yields three major findings. The first shows that women, either in full-time or part-time employment, report significantly higher levels of job satisfaction than men. Secondly, work orientations are closely associated with one's job satisfaction and their relationships vary significantly across men, women full-time and part-time workers. Finally and most importantly, the observed gender satisfaction differential is eliminated once work orientations are taken into consideration.

This illuminating study of working life uses decades of large-scale survey to review notions of good work and job satisfaction in the UK. Exploring data on hundreds of occupations, it charts disparities in fulfilment potential across professions, and sets out fresh ideas for improving satisfaction at work nationally.

Abstract
Downward occupational mobility is a generally under-explored subject in career research. This study examines how job satisfaction evolves before, during, and after a downward career transition and how the pattern is moderated by individual and contextual factors. Drawing on the UK Household Longitudinal Study which followed respondents from 40,000 households over the last decade, our fixed-effects analysis shows that downward occupational mobility has negative effects on job satisfaction that last for several years following the transition. However, the detrimental impact of downward occupational mobility on job satisfaction is mitigated when the event is preceded by a spell of unemployment or when individuals reside in regions with high levels of unemployment. These results likely reflect individuals' tendency to evaluate their careers in the context of their employment history as well as their peers' labour market experiences. This study highlights the relativity of subjective well-being function by showing that self- and social comparisons feature prominently in how people judge their lives.

The job demands–control/support (JDC/JDCS) models are highly influential in the HRM and employee well-being literature. Despite the high face validity, however, research has failed to find convincing empirical support for the 'buffer' hypothesis suggested by the JDC/JDCS models. In this article the authors explore this issue from three perspectives. First, they test the controversial 'buffer' hypothesis using a large nationally representative matched employer–employee sample from Britain. Second, they examine the role of teamwork HRM practices as a moderator of the buffering effect of job control against job demands on employee well-being. Finally, incorporating occupational level data into the analysis, the authors further explore the moderating effects of teamwork under different occupation-specific work intensity. The analysis suggests that there is strong evidence supporting the 'buffering' hypothesis. Also, it was found that teamwork moderates the buffering effect for employee intrinsic job satisfaction. Finally, the moderating effect of teamwork differs between occupations with different levels of work intensity.

Higher managerial and professional occupations are now the most incentivized occupational class in Britain. It is not yet known whether the rise in pay for performance (PFP) signifies an erosion or enhancement in the 'service relationship' that purportedly characterizes these occupations. Taking an occupational class perspective, this article investigates the implications of the rise in PFP for the employment relationship and conditions of work across the occupational structure using two nationally representative datasets. In fixed-effects estimates, PFP is found to heavily substitute base earnings in non-service class occupations, but not in service class occupations. PFP jobs generally have no worse conditions relative to non-PFP jobs within occupational classes. The article concludes the rise in PFP should be conceptualized more as a form of 'rent sharing' for service class occupations, enhancing the service relationship, and as a form of 'risk sharing' for non-service class occupations.

Abstract
We investigate the relative importance of variations in job quality in accounting for variations in general well-being among employed people in Europe, the USA, Australia and South Korea. We find that the importance of job quality is everywhere of a similar magnitude to that of health, while both are far more important than other conventional determinants, including education, gender, marital status, parental status, age or household income. Job quality accounts for somewhat more of well-being's variation among men than among women. Within the majority of European countries, the R2 for the variation accounted for ranges between 14 and 19%. The paper's findings, alongside rising policy interest, support the allocation of a greater priority for job quality in general socio-economic and labour force surveys than hitherto.

BACKGROUND: A range of strict nonpharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) were implemented in many countries to combat the coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. These NPIs may also be effective at controlling seasonal influenza virus infections, as influenza viruses have the same transmission path as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of different NPIs on the control of seasonal influenza. METHODS: Data for 14 NPIs implemented in 33 countries and the corresponding influenza virological surveillance data were collected. The influenza suppression index was calculated as the difference between the influenza positivity rate during its period of decline from 2019 to 2020 and during the influenza epidemic seasons in the previous 9 years. A machine learning model was developed using an extreme gradient boosting tree regressor to fit the NPI and influenza suppression index data. The SHapley Additive exPlanations tool was used to characterize the NPIs that suppressed the transmission of influenza. RESULTS: Of all NPIs tested, gathering limitations had the greatest contribution (37.60%) to suppressing influenza transmission during the 2019–2020 influenza season. The three most effective NPIs were gathering limitations, international travel restrictions, and school closures. For these three NPIs, their intensity threshold required to generate an effect were restrictions on the size of gatherings less than 1000 people, ban of travel to all regions or total border closures, and closing only some categories of schools, respectively. There was a strong positive interaction effect between mask-wearing requirements and gathering limitations, whereas merely implementing a mask-wearing requirement, and not other NPIs, diluted the effectiveness of mask-wearing requirements at suppressing influenza transmission. CONCLUSIONS: Gathering limitations, ban of travel to all regions or total border closures, and closing some levels of schools were found to be the most effective ...