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According to the author, various forms of unregulated, unregistered and criminal economic activities are observed in just about every country, which indicates that these activities are part of civilization, irrespective of socio-economic system. After a brief look at unconventional economic activities in various countries of the world, he examines the shadow economies of the USSR and China, the system-related features of the shadow-economic structures under socialism and the strong connection between the shadow economies and the political situations in socialist societies. (DÜI-Sen)

In recent years, scientists in the Soviet Union and other countries have been discussing a hypothesis of long waves in the development of socialist economics. The author attempts to find out "long waves" in economic development in China and the Soviet Union. He concludes that analysis of the "socialist" features of cyclic regularities shows how difficult and painful it can be try and break the many vicious circles in which the USSR and China are caught, without any guarantees that they can be broken at all. (DÜI-Sen)

In the spring and summer of 1989, China went through a grave political crisis which involved mass protest action in many cities of the country and ended with the use of armed force. According to the author, the political crisis in this country was an expression of the profound social contradictions which had been accumulating and sharpening over the past several years. He analyses the most important of these contradictions. (DÜI-Sen)

The proposed scientific problem is not sufficiently developed in modern research literature. Isolated studies demonstrate the importance of developing a common political and economic approach to religious farms and provide them with the most systematic, comprehensive analysis. The presence of these lacunae, both in general conceptual approaches and in the development of certain aspects of the problem being analyzed, determined the relevance of the research and the accentuation of the research goal. The articles have become collectively associated households of various denominational types. The research is focused on economic relations within confessional ones. farms, as well as religious farms among themselves, with other organizations, with the state. Studies of domestic and foreign scientists in the field of general economic theory and economic interests have become the methodological basis of the study; interaction of productive forces, economic forms, methods of management and institutional structures; the impact of economic structures on the processes of humanization of economic growth, social economy, theory of management of economic systems, the study of socio-economic alternatives. Of particular relevance to the study are the objective difficulties of the methodological plan: a) a special synergy of the object of study, since analyzing the religious economy has to find a balance between economics, philosophy, history, cultural studies, ethics and theology; b) insignificant representation of scientific economic works on this issue; c) the extreme degree of isolation and secrecy of religious communities, especially in matters of their economic and economic life; d) the modern economy rejects and does not accept religious activities; e) the presence of extreme antagonism between the modern economy and religion. Separate ideas of the proposed work run counter to the ideology currently established in economic theory. It is always difficult to study religious communities: under socialism, such research was impossible, or the aim was to show the shortcomings of these organizations; under capitalism, their research is again hindered by the dominant ideology, in the majority of its ideas opposed to religious principles. ; El problema científico propuesto no está suficientemente desarrollado en la literatura de investigación moderna. Los estudios aislados demuestran la importancia de desarrollar un enfoque político y económico común para las granjas religiosas y les proporcionan el análisis más sistemático y completo. La presencia de estas lagunas, tanto en los enfoques conceptuales generales como en el desarrollo de ciertos aspectos del problema que se analiza, determinó la relevancia de la investigación y la acentuación del objetivo de la investigación. Los artículos se han convertido en hogares colectivamente asociados de varios tipos denominacionales. La investigación se centra en las relaciones económicas dentro de las confesionales. Granjas, así como granjas religiosas entre sí, con otras organizaciones, con el estado. Los estudios de científicos nacionales y extranjeros en el campo de la teoría económica general y los intereses económicos se han convertido en la base metodológica del estudio; interacción de fuerzas productivas, formas económicas, métodos de gestión y estructuras institucionales; El impacto de las estructuras económicas en los procesos de humanización del crecimiento económico, la economía social, la teoría de la gestión de los sistemas económicos, el estudio de las alternativas socioeconómicas. De particular relevancia para el estudio son las dificultades objetivas del plan metodológico: a) una sinergia especial del objeto de estudio, ya que el análisis de la economía religiosa tiene que encontrar un equilibrio entre economía, filosofía, historia, estudios culturales, ética y teología; b) Representación insignificante de trabajos científicos económicos sobre este tema; c) el grado extremo de aislamiento y secreto de las comunidades religiosas, especialmente en cuestiones de su vida económica y económica; d) la economía moderna rechaza y no acepta actividades religiosas; e) La presencia de antagonismo extremo entre la economía moderna y la religión. Las ideas separadas del trabajo propuesto van en contra de la ideología actualmente establecida en la teoría económica. Siempre es difícil estudiar las comunidades religiosas: bajo el socialismo, tal investigación era imposible, o el objetivo era mostrar las deficiencias de estas organizaciones; bajo el capitalismo, su investigación se ve nuevamente obstaculizada por la ideología dominante, en la mayoría de sus ideas opuestas a los principios religiosos. ; Предлагаемая научная проблема является недостаточно разработанной в современной исследовательской литературе. Разрозненные исследования демонстрируют, важность выработки общего политэкономического подхода к религиозным хозяйствам и дать их наиболее системный, комплексный анализ. Наличие этих лакун как в общих концептуальных подходах, так и в разработке отдельных аспектов анализируемой проблемы обусловили актуальность исследования и актцентуацию цели исследования. Цель нашей статьи заключается в том, чтобы выявить место, роль и специфику конфессионального хозяйства в современной экономике постсоветских стран. Объектом исследования настоящей статьи стали коллективноассоциированные хозяйства различного конфессионального типа. Предметом исследования выступают экономические отношения внутри конфессиональных хозяйств, а также религиозных хозяйств между собой, с другими организациями, с государством. Методологической базой исследования стали исследования отечественных и зарубежных ученых в области общей экономической теории и экономических интересов; взаимодействия производительных сил, экономических форм, методов хозяйствования и институциональных структур; воздействия хозяйственных укладов на процессы гуманизации экономического роста, социальной экономики, теории управления экономическими системами, исследования социально-экономических альтернатив. Особую актуальность исследованию придают объективные сложности методологического плана: а) особый синергизм объекта исследования, поскольку при анализе религиозного хозяйства приходится находить баланс между экономикой, философией, историей, культурологией, этикой и богословием; б) незначительная представленность научных экономических работ по данной проблеме; в) крайняя степень замкнутости и закрытости религиозных общин, особенно в вопросах их хозяйственно-экономической жизни; г) современная экономика отторгает и не принимает религиозную деятельность; д) наличие крайнего антогонизма между современной экономикой и религией. Отдельные идеи предлагаемой работы идут в разрез с установившейся в настоящий момент в экономической теории идеологией. Заниматься изучением религиозных общин всегда непросто: при социализме такое исследование было невозможно, или преследовало цель показать недостатки этих организаций; при капитализме — их исследованию опять мешает господствующая идеология, в большинстве своих идей противоположная религиозным принципам.

The proposed scientific problem is not sufficiently developed in modern research literature. Isolated studies demonstrate the importance of developing a common political and economic approach to religious farms and provide them with the most systematic, comprehensive analysis. The presence of these lacunae, both in general conceptual approaches and in the development of certain aspects of the problem being analyzed, determined the relevance of the research and the accentuation of the research goal. The articles have become collectively associated households of various denominational types. The research is focused on economic relations within confessional ones. farms, as well as religious farms among themselves, with other organizations, with the state. Studies of domestic and foreign scientists in the field of general economic theory and economic interests have become the methodological basis of the study; interaction of productive forces, economic forms, methods of management and institutional structures; the impact of economic structures on the processes of humanization of economic growth, social economy, theory of management of economic systems, the study of socio-economic alternatives. Of particular relevance to the study are the objective difficulties of the methodological plan: a) a special synergy of the object of study, since analyzing the religious economy has to find a balance between economics, philosophy, history, cultural studies, ethics and theology; b) insignificant representation of scientific economic works on this issue; c) the extreme degree of isolation and secrecy of religious communities, especially in matters of their economic and economic life; d) the modern economy rejects and does not accept religious activities; e) the presence of extreme antagonism between the modern economy and religion. Separate ideas of the proposed work run counter to the ideology currently established in economic theory. It is always difficult to study religious communities: under socialism, such research was impossible, or the aim was to show the shortcomings of these organizations; under capitalism, their research is again hindered by the dominant ideology, in the majority of its ideas opposed to religious principles.

The cardinal change of the technological and socio-economic paradigm all around the world makes investigations related to the problems of professional self-determination of the younger generation extremely topical. In the conditions of economic and cultural globalisation, an important component of the professional competence of university graduates is the ability to realise their professional skills and present developed projects in the English-language media space. The article reveals methodological possibilities of the project activity in the ESP course as a pedagogic support for the socio-professional self-determination of students in a non-linguistic university. It determines principles and methods of using specialised Internet resources for developing educational projects in English that contribute to students' professional self-determination and their social adaptation in the international professional community. The authors suggest a typological classification of practice-oriented projects that can be implemented in the ESP course – informational (abstract-review), analytical (historical, socio-cultural, cross-cultural and other research projects) and creative (creation of an original content – design, models, technological solutions, etc.). It is concluded that the project activity in the ESP course, the results of which can be included in the professional portfolio, is a significant element of socio-professional self-determination of students of a non-linguistic university.