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In the course of the project, the authors have studied ample new latest Russian and international scientific literature on split societies; today's status of studies of post-conflict settlement of split societies, ways of political control of split societies in the context of authoritarianism and democracy, territorial organization of split societies (federalization, regionalization). The research explores the empirical experience of solving the problems of split societies in a comparative historical perspective, reviews institutional methods for resolving and preventing inter-segment conflicts. It compares processes of state and nation-building in the split conflict and post-conflict societies, examines separatist ethnic conflicts and cases of declaration of independence, secession and the emergence of de facto statehood, as well as the impact of these processes on the stability of political regimes and post-conflict institutiona­lization. The authors also focus on the challenges of globalization (migration, ethnic and religious terrorism) and the emergence of new foreign-cultural segments caused by migration in the old democracies (France, Spain and Germany).