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Economic crisis and reforms and national development in Indonesia

Industrialization in Indonesia

In the practice of policy reform, the new thinking in development theorizing found its expression in the formulation of the so-called Washington Consensus. Triggered by widespread government failures, the Washington Consensus is based on stabilization-cum-adjustment policies recommended by the Bretton Woods organizations and US economic officials. It emphasizes the need for prudent macroeconomic and financial policies, unified and competitive exchange rates, trade and financial liberalization, privatization, and deregulation. However, because of neglecting political domain, the running of economic reform resulted a deeper economic crisis. Beside, in the implementation phase, economic reform process often meet political barriers. At least three political barriers often fail economic reform program. First, collective action problems arise to the extent that economic reforms have the properties of a public good, either for the society as a whole or for a large number of potential beneficiaries. Second, In a distributive model, policy reform is supported by winners and opposed by losers, and the outcome is given by the balance of political power between the respective action. Third, one classic problem with many reforms is that the costs of reform tend to be concentrated, while benefits are diffuse, producing perverse organizational incentives (Haggard dan Kaufman, 1995:156-157). Argentina and Mexico cases show that economic reform can failure due to polical barriers. Abstract in Bahasa Indonesia : Dalam pelaksanaan kebijakan reformasi, teori pembangunan mutakhir telah menemukan konsep baru yang diformulasikan dalam istilah yang biasa disebut dengan Konsensus Washington. Dipicu oleh kegagalan pemerintah yang semakin meluas dalam mengelola kegiatan ekonomi, konsep Konsensus Washington berpijak pada upaya stabilisasi melalui kebijakan penyesuaian struktural, yang direkomendasikan oleh organisasi Bretton Woods dan Badan Ekonomi Amerika Serikat. Konsensus Washington menekankan kepada kebijakan makro ekonomi dan keuangan ...

The current fiscal policy in the forestry sector is still dominated by the management of timber extraction as a basic for sharing forestry revenues from central to local government. Therefore, it requires some shift towards green fiscal policies which positioning the overall benefitsof forests. In order to prepareon green fiscal policyframework, it is required the analysisof stakeholders involved in the formulation of green fiscal policy. The objectives of the research are to identify, categorize and investigate the relationship among the involved stakeholders at national and sub-national levels, and then to formulate green fiscal policy by using stakeholders analysis method. The analysis results show that there are 18 involved stakeholders consistsof five key stakeholders, seven primary stakeholders and six secondary stakeholders. Based on the categoryof stakeholders involved in the formulation of green fiscal policy as key players, context setters, subjects and crowds, it is realized the great need for strategies to optimize stakeholders management by enhancing colaboration and cooperation between the subjects and the key players. This will be better achieved by increasing effective cooperation and collaboration between central and localgovernmentsin implementingthecurrent fiscal policyon forestry. ; Kebijakan fiskal kehutanan saat ini masih didominasi oleh pengaturan hasil ekstraksi kayu sebagai dasar pembagian hasil penerimaan kehutanan dari pusat ke daerah. Untuk itu diperlukan pergeseran ke arah kebijakan fiskal hijau yang memposisikan manfaat hutan secara menyeluruh. Sebagai penyiapan kerangka kebijakan fiskal hijau diperlukan analisis pemangku kepentingan yang terlibat dalam perumusan kebijakan fiskal hijau. Tulisan ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi, membuat kategori dan menyelidiki hubungan antara pemangku kepentingan di tingkat nasional dan sub nasional dalam perumusan kebijakan fiskal hijau menggunakan analisis pemangku kepentingan.Dari hasil analisis diperoleh 18 pemangku kepentingan yang terdiri ...

There are some factors which are deemed to have an effect in empowering the small and mediumindustries (SMIs). This study determines the roles of government, traditional institutions, and socialcapital for the empowerment of SMIs. Purposive Sampling method was used to determine the district/city in the sample. Sample units in each selected district/city were used Stratified RandomSampling method as many as 204 people. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM)-based variance isused as analysis technique aided by program Partial Least Square (PLS). The results showed that:1) the role of government through the relevant agencies has not been able to directly influence theempowerment of SMIs. 2) The role of traditional institutions through social roles, cultural, economicand financial has a positive effect for the empowerment of SMIs. 3) Social capital has a positiveeffect on the role of government to empower SMIs. 4) Social capital has a positive effect on therole of traditional institutions for the empowerment of SMIs. 5) Social capital is not directly affectingthe empowerment of SMIs. 6) The role of government through the relevant agencies has a positiveinfluence on the role of traditional institutions for the empowerment of SMIs.