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Since July 1997, Indonesia has suffered a monetary crisis that has led to a high rate of inflation and economic recession. This situation has inflicted an impact on the individual at two levels that is through the family and then the government role. Economic recession ean also have a direct and indirect influence on the degree of public health. There is a phenomenon of epidemiological polarization, which has a bigger impact on handling public health issues during recession. Without a program and more effective and efficient activities compared with the previous years, the current economic crisis will endanger the pattern of the declining death rate and increasing life expectancy at birth. Although various studies indicate that recession and economic fluctuation does notalways lead to a stagnationand decline inpublic health, the economic conditions in Indonesia arefundamentally different from those in other countries going through a similar experience. Efforts to maintain a momentum in reducing death rate and increasing life expectancy require reinventingpublic health policy.

There are some interesting differences between the Family Planning Program in Indonesia and the family planning in Cairo Action Program. The FP Program has larger actions, such as the society's attention to the increasing age limit of marriage, family resistance building, increasing the family welfare, and birth control. While, the family planningin Cairo Action Program is only limited to the birthcontrol. This writing tries to describe those differences as well as to clarify the direction and the implementation of the FP Program which increasingly become an FP movement.

From a number of studies there are evidences of the existence of integration between "demography variables" and the development process. In this case it is important to understand that the population policies have been formulated for the continuity of development process, mainly by paying attention to the integration between people (inhabitants) and their environment. In this case, the government's policy is to stabilize economic development, distributing it evenly and maintain the environment in accordance with the global Population Action Program. The problems caused by changes related to the demographic transition can be considered the material for the future demographic policies.

Since July 1997, Indonesia has suffered a monetary crisis that has led to a high rate of inflation and economic recession. This situation has inflicted an impact on the individual at two levels that is through the family and then the government role. Economic recession ean also have a direct and indirect influence on the degree of public health. There is a phenomenon of epidemiological polarization, which has a bigger impact on handling public health issues during recession. Without a program and more effective and efficient activities compared with the previous years, the current economic crisis will endanger the pattern of the declining death rate and increasing life expectancy at birth. Although various studies indicate that recession and economic fluctuation does notalways lead to a stagnationand decline inpublic health, the economic conditions in Indonesia arefundamentally different from those in other countries going through a similar experience. Efforts to maintain a momentum in reducing death rate and increasing life expectancy require reinventingpublic health policy.

From a number of studies there are evidences of the existence of integration between "demography variables" and the development process. In this case it is important to understand that the population policies have been formulated for the continuity of development process, mainly by paying attention to the integration between people (inhabitants) and their environment. In this case, the government's policy is to stabilize economic development, distributing it evenly and maintain the environment in accordance with the global Population Action Program. The problems caused by changes related to the demographic transition can be considered the material for the future demographic policies.

The World PopulationConference in Cairo has received substantial attention and comments from the mass media and a large circle of experts, although a more basic explanation is still needed due to the result of the conference. Since abortion is considered a very important issue which dominates the field of reproductive health, it needs to further analyze the relations between abortion and the 'new concept' of reproductive health. This paper broadly analyzes the objectives and the agreed result of the conference. It also proposes several implications on the reproductive health program in Indonesia. Even though, as the mass media reported, the Cairo Conference seemed to be a conference on abortion, the theme of the conference was: Population, Sustainable Economic Growth, and Sustainable Development. Indonesia takes a very active role in the preparation of the world's population conference, including to conduct and initiate the summit population conference of the Non-Aligned Ministerial level prior the Cairo Conference. The Cairo World Population Conference has resulted in a substantially broad Population Action Program, in which the implementation needs serious consideration on the heterogeneity of the respective countries according to the priorities of development, cultural considerations, norms, religion, and law that prevails in the respective countries, yet the Conference should consider the norms of the universal human rights. Out of various materials covered in the Population Action Program, reproductive health problems have become one of the important controversial sources. For this reason it has thus been agreed to accept a "new concept" of reproductive health. Out of this 'new concept', some implications of several reproductive health programs emerge, particularly the family planning program of the countrywhich should be expanded and qualified. Even though the "new concept" of reproductive health covers sexual reproductive rights, it has been wholly agreed that abortion would not be promoted as one of the implementations of the family planning method. The target of quantity in various fields could be optimistically achieved except the maternal mortalitydecline. Without a breakthrough effort in the new reproductive healthsector the quantitative aims to reduce the maternalmortality rate in Indonesia could never be achieved.

Implementation of district level "four children better" family planning policy in MalinauPurposeThis study aimed to analyze the implementation of family planning program policy in Malinau.MethodsA case study was conducted through in-depth interviews with 18 participants.ResultsThe policy of the government in Malinau is 'four children are better'. Differences in perceptions between stakeholders, providers, and users about family planning affecting social, economic, cultural, beliefs have an impact on contraceptive use in Malinau. The use of contraception is not prohibited for people with medical indications for using contraception, but peo­ple should access the contraception independently in the private sector.ConclusionThe policy of the Ma­linau government to stop the supply of contraceptives to government health facilities since 2012 is an effort by local governments to increase the number of inland and border populations. The unavailability of con­traceptives in government health facilities and the limitations of family planning information, communica­tion and education lead to differences in perceptions between stakeholders, service providers, and users. Therefore, the researcher recommends that the relevant regional apparatus unit does advocacy to legislative and executive boards in Malinau. The local government shall ensure the availability and quality of family planning services for the community on the basis of reproductive health rights. ; Tujuan: Penelitian ini menganalisis pelaksanaan kebijakan program keluarga berencana di Kabupaten Ma­linau.Metode: Studi kasus melalui wawancara mendalam pada 18 responden.Hasil: Kebijakan pemerintah daerah Malinau adalah empat anak lebih baik. Perbedaan persepsi antara stakeholder, pro­vider dan user mengenai KB dapat mempengaruhi sosial, ekonomi, budaya, keyakinan berdampak ter­hadap penggunaan kon­trasepsi di Malinau. Penggunaan kontrasepsi tidak dilarang bagi masyarakat yang memiliki indikasi medis untuk ber KB, namun masyarakat harus mengakses kontrasepsi secara mandiri di sektor swasta.Implikasi praktis: Pemerintah daerah wajib menjamin ketersediaan dan pelayanan KB yang berkualitas bagi masyarakat atas dasar hak kesehatan reproduksi.Keaslian: Kebijakan pemerintah daerah Malinau dalam menghentikan suplai alokon ke fasilitas kesehatan pemerintah sejak tahun 2012 merupakan upaya pemerintah daerah untuk meningkatkan jumlah penduduk di wilayah pedalaman dan perbatasan. Ketidaktersediaan alat kontrasepsi di fasilitas kesehatan pemerintah dan terbatasnya pemberian KIE KB menimbulkan persepsi yang berbeda antara stakeholder, provider, dan user. SKPD perlu mengadvokasi kepada DPRD Malinau dan Bupati.

This is a case-control study about the relationship between the qualities of midwifery care, other factors, and the incidence of maternal mortality in the hospitals. Information collected were midwives placement, midwives working environment, and material support in the hospitals. Unmatched midwives placement leads to maternal mortality by 3.86 times compared to the matched midwives placement. Unmatched quality of midwifery care causes maternal mortality by 6.74 times compared to the matched quality midwifery care. Unmatched midwives working leads to maternal mortality by 1.11 times compared to the matched working environment. Also, unmatched support materials causes maternal mortality by 1.55 times compared to the matched support material. There is a relationship between midwives placement and maternal mortality with p< 0.05. There is also a significant relationship of quality of midwifery care to maternal mortality with p< 0.001 in the government-owned hospitals.

Purpose. To examine the effectiveness of multilevel promotion on exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) duration and prevalence. Design. A pretest-posttest control group design, quasi-experiment. Setting. Two public health centers in the Demak District, Central Java, Indonesia. Subjects. A total of 163 families were enrolled, including pregnant mothers, fathers, and grandmothers. Intervention. The multilevel promotion of EBF was conducted at the subdistrict, village, family, and individual levels. This was a complex intervention that modified breastfeeding determinants, integrated multidisciplinary partnerships, and involved community leaders (i.e., voluntary health workers, traditional birth attendants, Muslim scholars, and heads of villages). The strategies applied were advocacy, training, media, and home visit counseling. Measures. EBF duration and prevalence. Analysis. Survival analyses, Cox proportional-hazard model. Results. The duration of EBF increased after the multilevel promotion. The median postintervention duration in the intervention group was 18 weeks compared with .1 week in the control group (p < .001). The prevalence of EBF at 1, 8, 16, and 24 weeks for the intervention versus control groups was 75.3% vs. 28.0%, 64.2% vs. 14.6%, 50.6% vs. 8.5%, and 37.0% vs. 3.7%, respectively (p < .001). Mothers in the control group were three times more likely to stop exclusive breastfeeding per unit of time than were mothers in the intervention group (adjusted hazard ratio 3.01; 95% confidence interval: 1.96, 4.63). Conclusion. Multilevel promotion can prolong the duration and increase the prevalence of EBF.