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This study analysed the contribution of economic growth and redistribution components to aggregate poverty changes in Ireland from 1987-2005, using the Shapley value decomposition approach. The analysis used the household disposable income data from the Household Budget Survey to calculate poverty indices. The result of the Shapley value decomposition of poverty changes into growth and redistribution components revealed that the growth component dominates the redistribution component in bringing about the decline in poverty. This suggests that the drastic fall in absolute poverty over the survey period could be attributed to the increase in the household mean income rather than the redistributive policies of government transfer and income tax systems. We also investigated the extent to which economic growth experienced over the survey period has been pro-poor, by using the Growth Incidence Curve proposed by Ravallion and Chen (2003). It was found that economic growth was slightly pro-poor between 1987 and 1994 and generally anti-poor between 1994 and 1999.

ABSTRACT: Public health expenditure is one of the important subsets of government expenditure used by governments in affecting the standard of living of their citizens, with Nigeria not left out. This is because health is seen as a channel through which human capital base of an economy can be improved. However, as the world is now a global village, it suffices to say that an outbreak/existence of disease in a country is an imminent spread of such diseases somewhere else in the globe. A vivid instance of this is the ravaging Covid-19 that has become a global pandemic. On this notion of preventing the spread and eradicating diseases and sicknesses, governments of developed worlds play important roles in granting health aids to the developing nation. It is on record that Nigeria has received robust foreign health aids from developed nations such as US, UK, France and so on, which might have helped in not only adding to her public health spending but also assisting in stimulating economic growth. However, debate still rages on whether the role of foreign aid is positive and effective in achieving the intentions of the foreign donors in helping boost the recipients' countries public health expenditure and economic growth or not. This research work therefore tries to mainly investigate the role of foreign health aid in public health expenditure-economic growth impact in Nigeria between 1980 and 2020 with the use of an interactive term and timeseries data sourced from OECD-DAC and CBN Statistical Bulletin. The time series data were analysed with the aid of the EVIEWS 10 package and the results presented. The result of the analysis reveals that foreign aid to health is individually statistically significant playing positive role in Nigeria's economy but jointly statistically insignificant with public health expenditure. KEYWORDS: Foreign-Aid-To-Health, Public Health Expenditure, Economic Growth and Nigeria

ABSTRACT: The role of the Nigerian military in ensuring smooth operation and exportation of crude oil cannot be overemphasized. This is owing to the fact that the chunk of Nigeria's foreign exchange earnings comes from crude oil exportation. Boris (2015) confirms that oil is arguably the livelihood of the modern economy and it has now become the most essential commodity in the world. It is a statement of the fact that oil revenue is the major source at which governments at all levels in Nigeria finance their budgets. This is why the Nigerian military would leave no stone unturned in protecting the nation's source of living. However, while some scholars believe military expenditure plays a positive role in the economies of developing countries, others view the role as detrimental. One of the reasons why the analysis of military expenditure has not led to a conclusive result might be due to the non-identification of the correct channel. Investigating the role of the military sector on economic growth via the Nigeria oil sector may therefore be a good channel of analysis. Therefore, this paper tries to mainly investigate the joint nexus between military expenditure and oil revenue, and economic growth in Nigeria. To achieve this, time series data were gathered and analyzed using OLS technique with the aid of EVIEWS 10 package. The model used included a joint-interactive term. The result of the analysis reveals that military expenditure is individually statistically and significantly positive with economic growth. Though, as a joint interactive term with oil revenue, it is negatively statistically insignificant but this might be due to the oil revenue being individually statistically insignificant. The study, therefore, recommended military expenditure as one of the factors the Nigerian government should employ in influencing her economic growth. KEYWORDS: Defense Spending, military expenditure, oil revenue, economic growth

The COVID-19 pandemic has caused unprecedented and enormous disruption to all spheres of human endeavours including the world education system. It is on record that nearly 1.6 billion learners in more than 190 countries and all conti­nents are seriously affected (United Nations, 2020). The lockdown and school closures preventive policy have affected 94 percent of the students' population globally and caused setbacks for up to 99 percent of students in developing countries (UN, 2020). Thus, the closure of schools has had substantial effects on education, and it will continue to have effects on other sectors apart from education. For instance, the closure of schools has hindered the provision of essen­tial services to households, societies, and the country at large. Children were denied access to quality food; many parents could not go to their workplace; girls and women were exposed to incessant domestic violence.To overcome the disruption of the educational system and ensure that learning continues despite the school closures suddenly becomes a top agendum of every govern­ment throughout the world, many of which turned to e-learning which necessitates teachers to move to online deliv­ery of lectures. The term e-learning stands for electronic learning system in which learning takes place through a computer interface. It is a technology-driven education system. It is the total incorporation of ICT into the learning environment. Before the COVID-19 pandemic and school closures, online learning is web-based e-learning most often used by distance education institutions and higher institutions. It is cheap, saves time, and has wider coverage, and as well promoting team learning and collaboration.Unfortunately, in developing countries, poor electricity supply and technology infrastructure deficit is the major bane to e-learning adoption. Consequently, the implementation of e-learning becomes moribund and ends up as a just pronouncement. Additionally, teachers were largely unpre­pared to support continuous learning through the electronic teaching methodologies while digital liter­acy is at low ebb for the parents and students. In such a case, the human aspect of digitization is holding back the full integration of e-learning into the educational system. While subscription for data is a burden for students in the cities, access to the internet is a serious problem for those in remote areas. Likewise, the objective of e-learning as a new paradigm to serve as a development platform for a present-day society based on knowledge looks like a mirage.It is therefore suggested that every section of the educational system should key into the digital learning process as a way of moving fast in this technological age. It is also imperative to stabilize the power supply and provide adequate technology infrastructure in developing countries, this will have multiply effects on the overall development of the educational sector in the region. E-learning should be all-inclusive to encourage parents' and guardians' participation in their wards' education progress. Implementation of these suggestions by the government, school authorities, and other stakeholders becomes very important at this critical period when global education is in dire need of sustainable educational development. Education is the catalyst of every development and is considered a fundamental human right. It is an enabling right with a direct impact on the realization of all other human rights.

This thesis demonstrates the level of environmental disaster that oil TNCs have brought into Sub-Sahara Africa as a direct consequence of economic globalization. The analysis reveals the weaknesses of the environmental regime in the Sub-Sahara African region, particularly in Nigeria, Chad and Cameroon as well as the lack of administrative capacity of the governments. The thesis explores alternative means through which environmental responsibility of oil TNCs could be pursued at the supranational arena and within the legal system of home states of the oil TNCs. It seeks to do so by examining the phenomenon of tort-based action for foreign direct liability of the parent oil TNCs for the conduct of their foreign subsidiaries extraterritorially. ; May 2014

Language is the chief means by which humans communicate among themselves; it is also a veritable means of socialisation. In essence, language is an important arsenal used to influence others around us. Clive Johnson and Jackie Keddie (2011) assert that "the impact of what and how we communicate can be very profound for others". This paper examines the use of language in the advertising industry and posits that in advertising, not only is language used to inform or sensitize, but it is also used to deceive. Language has immense power, and its impact depends entirely on how we wield it. Advertising has a great influence on our purchasing decisions. Consumers are exposed to countless commercial messages everyday "persuading them to buy brand name products". This is achieved through certain contrivances, which the paper fully discusses. The searchlight of this paper beams on such questions as: does advertising tempt us into buying things we don't need; does it affect us subliminally in ways we can't control; how much latitude should marketers have in the kind of products they promote and how they advertise them; do consumers have some responsibilities in the process; what is the proper role of government, especially in protecting the consumers? In sum, the paper sets for itself the task of determining the "border line" between persuasion and deception, in the language of advertisement. It finds that through the subtle means of "appealing" and "persuading, certain deceptive contrivances and even outright falsehood are sued to hoodwink the consumer. The implications are that consumers are "tricked" to buy what they don't really need; advertisers "overstretch" claim on their products and services; and, finally the advertising, not the product itself, becomes the selling point. It also recommends among others that the National Broadcasting Commission (NBC), Advertisement Practitioners' Council of Nigeria and such other regulatory agencies should be empowered to verify all claims in advertisements before such claims are published.

Self-compacting concrete (SCC) is a new concept of concrete mix which flows in a formwork and consolidates itself without the need for compaction. Effectively compacting concrete can be very difficult especially in areas with a high number of reinforcement. Millet Husk Ash (MHA) and Rice Husk Ash (RHA) are agricultural waste materials obtained from farm and burnt to ashes to discard them since they are environmental waste. This research is focused on finding the pozzolanic potentials of MHA and RHA as a mineral additive in SCC to see if it will improve its properties rather than discarding them as environmental waste. Laboratory investigations were carried out on normally vibrated concrete (NVC) and SCC using MHA and RHA as an additive at a 10 % replacement with cement. Workability tests were carried out following the BS specifications. ASTM 293 C was used for the Flexural Capacity test on the beam specimen. The Results of the workability tests using MHA and RHA as mineral additive are within the specified standard values. The compressive strength test also revealed that the SCC using MHA is about 12.8 % higher than the RHA and NVC at 28 days with densities of 2487.5, 2516.5 and 2437.5kg/m³ respectively. The Modulus of Rupture (MoR) and Split Tensile strength for MHA is 0-19.2 % and 17.2-22.2 % higher than the RHA and NVC respectively. It was concluded that the improvement in the pozzolanic properties of MHA and RHA may be due to the content of Lime (CaO), Silica ((SiO₂)), Alumina (Al₂O₃), Iron oxide (Fe₂O₃) being greater than 70 % and in an accordance with BS 618 code. It is concluded that the MHA and RHA can find suitable applications in the SCC as a mineral additive rather than discarding them as environmental waste.

This research investigated the effect of Renolith chemical polymer additive (RCPA) on the properties of expanded polystyrene (ESP) concrete. Renolith chemical additive is a polymer-based product in a liquid form made up of latex and cellulose. Polystyrene panels were collected as a waste materials and grinded into smaller beads. An experimental investigation was carried out on the EPS replacement ranging from 0% to 100% on the M30 (C25/C30) mix design. Engineering properties, such as workability, density, water absorption, compressive strength, split tensile strength, and flexural strength tests, were studied for both the conventional and EPS concrete. The results indicate that workability increases with increasing amount of EPS contents. Water absorption, compressive, tensile, and flexural strength yielded a satisfactory result at 0-50% replacement. The density of the EPS concrete at 0-37.5% replacement revealed similar values to a conventional concrete; and light-weight concrete (1817.5 - 1030 kg⁄m3) was achieved at a 50-100% replacement. Generally, the addition of the RCPA to the concrete mix has caused an improvement in the properties of the EPS concrete. It was concluded that EPS beads can be used as a partial replacement for coarse aggregates in the production of both structural light-weight and dense concrete. The replacement of coarse aggregate with EPS beads showed a positive application as an alternative material for the construction industry.

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to investigate the willingness of unemployed graduates to participate in agriculture with a view to showcase the potentials in Nigerian agriculture especially in the area of employment generation for the youths.


Design/methodology/approach
The study made use of primary data collected with the aid of structured questionnaires from 180 respondents from the three states of Ondo; Oyo and Osun states are the representative states from the entire South West. The binary logistic regression model was used to identify those factors that influence the willingness of the respondents who were graduates of various disciplines to participate in agriculture.


Findings
The findings of the study showed that the majority of the respondents interviewed representing 62.8 percent were unemployed with the majority of the respondents (68.3 percent) willing to participate in agriculture given the needed and required supports such as conducive environment by the stakeholders particularly the government. Educational status, marital status, gender, possession of agricultural training and employment status of respondents significantly influenced their willingness to participate in agriculture.


Research limitations/implications
The greatest limitation of this study is its sample size which is considerably small but considering the peculiarity in the challenges faced by the entire population; this limitation has been overcome, thus, making its findings valid for policy purposes. However, recommendations for further studies that would comprise the entire geopolitical zones of the country to pave way for comparative analysis were made.


Originality/value
The study is originally carried out by conducting a survey to collect the data and is coming to fill the existing gap in the literature in terms of potentials embedded in Nigerian agriculture to assist the government in providing employment opportunities for teeming youths.

Food insecurity has been considered lately as one of the developmental challenges facing developing nations particularly the sub-Saharan Africa that if not curtailed may have embarrassing consequences not only to the affected area but to humanity in general due to instability that may occur. This study aimed to identify those factors that influence food security and how they did to guide the relevant stakeholders in the design and implementation of food programmes. The study assessed food security of the households based on perception of heads/appointed representatives and logistic regression model to identify its drivers in respective households. The findings of the study revealed that majority of households investigated (60.2 percent) showed varying degrees of food insecurity and hunger while those living with moderate hunger were leading by 31.6 percent. Furthermore, logistic regression analysis results showed that eight of the ten explanatory variables such as income, access to credit and public health facilities among others as specified in the model significantly influenced the food security of the sampled households.

This study focused on selection of suitable landfill site for poultry waste in Amo farms Nigeria Limited Awe, Afijio Local Government. The data sets used for the study include; Satellite imagery (Landsat) and topographic maps of the study area. The layers created include those for roads, water bodies, farm sites and the slope map of the study area to determine the degree of slope. The various created layers were subjected to buffering, overlay and query operations using ArcGis 9.3 alongside the established criteria for poultry waste site selection. At the end of the analytical processes, search query was used to generate two most suitable sites of an area that is less than or equal to 20,000m2 (2 hectares).Read Complete Article at ijSciences: V5201603988 AND DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.18483/ijSci.988