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"Citizenship and Political Violence in Peru" recounts the hidden history of how local processes of citizen formation in an Andean were persistently overruled from the nineteenth century on, thereby perpetuating antagonism toward the Peruvian state and political centralism. The analysis points to the importance of two long-term processes. One reflected the memory of earlier municipal citizenship and the possibilities of political change; the other stemmed from the outlawing of political opposition which pushed radical dissent underground and into extremism, creating the conditions for the political violence in the 1980s. The book builds on the detailed study of a unique municipal archive in Tarma and ethnographic research from both before and after the violence

Liberal elites in nineteenth‐century Peru were eager to attract European immigrants to help modernise their country. The majority arrived independently bringing commercial skills, while a minority, contracted as colonists, settled in the tropical lowlands. This article focuses on two European communities established in the central Andean region, where immigrants from northern Italy excelled as merchants and families from the Austrian Tyrol became smallholders. Through a reconstruction of one family's history, which draws on personal letters and a photograph, the article explores the experiences, character and socio‐economic transformation of these communities and the significance given to European‐ness and whiteness.

The Coronavirus pandemic continues to evolve and is in different stages in different parts of the world. Within a country there might be areas in a peak phase with high risk of transmission close to others in which the situation may be even post-pandemic or normal.Therefore, the response to the pandemic is evolving differently across the world, in terms of governmental guidelines, the severity of the impact of COVID19 on different national populations. Therefore, given the present status, the FISA SMC advice from 27 February 2020 (for the spreading period) and 25 March 2020 (for the Peak period) has been updated to reflect the evolving global health situation.These guidelines cannot replace the priority provisions of the state governments and the locally responsible health authorities, but serve as a rowing-specific technical contribution.

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to examine how female bank lenders are locked into a position of disadvantage in a UK bank. The work of Bourdieu is used to explore women's position of disadvantage and inequality. As Bourdieu helps us predict, the women are symbolically constructed as different, and face different problems to men. Women's social capital is not perceived as the same as men's.Design/methodology/approach– The research method involved preliminary research interviews with seven key senior staff in the bank followed by focus group discussions with 35 male and female bank loan officers on bank premises within a nine-month period. Six focus groups were held – three with men and three with women in four British cities – London, Manchester, Bristol and Edinburgh. All the interviews were tape-recorded and analysed. The participants were told that the discussion was completely confidential, and that we were interested in the role gender played in entrepreneurial and corporate life. Findings were verified by taking them back to a selection of those who had been involved in the focus groups.Findings– The findings show how the power dynamics are played out within the immediate workplace environment and influenced by the wider macro systems of society. The women differed in their views as to whether gender mattered. Despite the evident inequities these women face, some wished to deny or resist being seen as unequal or wanted to acknowledge inequity. The paper explains how and why this might be the case.Research limitations/implications– The research is limited by its sample size to 35 bank loan officers.Practical implications– The paper demonstrates some of the difficulties faced by those who wish to implement equality of opportunity in the face of women's denial of inequality.Social implications– The paper clearly illustrates the difficulties and challenges faced by female bank loan officers in banking.Originality/value– This paper discusses the subjective experience of equality, inequality and exclusion among female bankers showing how they are not a homogenous group, as they say they experience equality/inequality differently. These women face ideological dilemmas that are not widely discussed in the research literature. It is very unlikely that as a divided, heterogeneous group who find themselves in a very small minority in this bank, that greater equality for them is likely to come about.