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This article critically examines a an ongoing review commenced in 2012 by the United Kingdom's Law Commission into new wildlife laws for England and Wales by considering four interlinked elements of the process. First, it outlines the underlying subject matter and regulatory aims of wildlife law. It then describes the scope of the Law Commission's Wildlife Law Project, identifying some of the key problem areas it sought to address and referencing its consultation process conducted in the later part of 2012. Next the article summarises the Law Commission's view for a new wildlife law regime. The fourth element explores the current and potential roles of criminalising and non-criminalising sanctions. With a continued focus on the underlying subject matter and regulatory aims, discussion centres on the greater use of non-criminalising civil sanctions in wildlife law. The paper supports the Law Commission's argument that the creation of a civil sanctions regime is not tantamount to decriminalisation in its true sense but simply widens the available regulatory enforcement options.

Perversion and modern Japan focuses on the psychoanalytic approach to the study of modern Japan. Using a wide range of psychoanalytic approaches the contributors to this book have brought together chapters on everything from the Ajase complex to underpants, from fascist modernism in literature to internet-based suicide pacts.

Frontmatter -- Contents -- Foreword: Fascism, Yet? -- Introduction: The Culture of Japanese Fascism -- Part I: Theories of Japanese Fascism -- Fascism Seen and Unseen: Fascism as a Problem in Cultural Representation -- The People's Library: The Spirit of Prose Literature versus Fascism -- Constitutive Ambiguities: The Persistence of Modernism and Fascism in Japan's Modern History -- Part II: Fascism and Daily Life -- The Beauty of Labor: Imagining Factory Girls in Japan's New Order -- Mediating the Masses: Yanagi Sōetsu and Fascism -- Fascism's Furry Friends: Dogs, National Identity, and Purity of Blood in 1930s Japan -- Part III: Exhibiting Fascism -- Narrating the Nation-ality of a Cinema: The Case of Japanese Prewar Film -- All Beautiful Fascists?: Axis Film Culture in Imperial Japan -- Architecture for Mass-Mobilization: The Chūreitō Memorial Construction Movement, 1939-1945 -- Japan's Imperial Diet Building in the Debate over Construction of a National Identity -- Expo Fascism?: Ideology, Representation, Economy -- The Work of Sacrifice in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction: Bride Dolls and Ritual Appropriation at Yasukuni Shrine -- Part IV: Literary Fascism -- Fascist Aesthetics and the Politics of Representation in Kawabata Yasunari -- Disciplining the Erotic-Grotesque in Edogawa Ranpo's Demon of the Lonely Isle -- Hamaosociality: Narrative and Fascism in Hamao Shirō's The Devil's Disciple -- Literary Tropes, Rhetorical Looping, and the Nine Gods of War: "Fascist Proclivities" Made Real -- Part V: Concluding Essay -- The Spanish Perspective: Romancero Marroquí and the Francoist Kitsch Politics of Time -- Contributors -- Index

This bold collection of essays demonstrates the necessity of understanding fascism in cultural terms rather than only or even primarily in terms of political structures and events. Contributors from history, literature, film, art history, and anthropology describe a culture of fascism in Japan in the decades preceding the end of the Asia-Pacific War. In so doing, they challenge past scholarship, which has generally rejected descriptions of pre-1945 Japan as fascist. The contributors explain how a fascist ideology was diffused throughout Japanese culture via literature, popular culture, film, design, and everyday discourse. Alan Tansman's introduction places the essays in historical context and situates them in relation to previous scholarly inquiries into the existence of fascism in Japan.Several contributors examine how fascism was understood in the 1930s by, for example, influential theorists, an antifascist literary group, and leading intellectuals responding to capitalist modernization. Others explore the idea that fascism's solution to alienation and exploitation lay in efforts to beautify work, the workplace, and everyday life. Still others analyze the realization of and limits to fascist aesthetics in film, memorial design, architecture, animal imagery, a military museum, and a national exposition. Contributors also assess both manifestations of and resistance to fascist ideology in the work of renowned authors including the Nobel-prize-winning novelist and short-story writer Kawabata Yasunari and the mystery writers Edogawa Ranpo and Hamao Shirō. In the work of these final two, the tropes of sexual perversity and paranoia open a new perspective on fascist culture. This volume makes Japanese fascism available as a critical point of comparison for scholars of fascism worldwide. The concluding essay models such work by comparing Spanish and Japanese fascisms.Contributors. Noriko Aso, Michael Baskett, Kim Brandt, Nina Cornyetz, Kevin M. Doak, James Dorsey, Aaron Gerow, Harry Harootunian, Marilyn Ivy, Angus Lockyer, Jim Reichert, Jonathan Reynolds, Ellen Schattschneider, Aaron Skabelund, Akiko Takenaka, Alan Tansman, Richard Torrance, Keith Vincent, Alejandro Yarza

We conduct the first 4D-Var inversion of NH3 accounting for NH3 bi-directional flux, using CrIS satellite NH3 observations over Europe in 2016. We find posterior NH3 emissions peak more in springtime than prior emissions at continental to national scales, and annually they are generally smaller than the prior emissions over central Europe, but larger over most of the rest of Europe. Annual posterior anthropogenic NH3 emissions for 25 European Union members (EU25) are 25% higher than the prior emissions and very close (<2% difference) to other inventories. Our posterior annual anthropogenic emissions for EU25, the UK, the Netherlands, and Switzerland are generally 10%–20% smaller than when treating NH3 fluxes as uni-directional emissions, while the monthly regional difference can be up to 34% (Switzerland in July). Compared to monthly mean in-situ observations, our posterior NH3 emissions from both schemes generally improve the magnitude and seasonality of simulated surface NH3 and bulk NHx wet deposition throughout most of Europe, whereas evaluation against hourly measurements at a background site shows the bi-directional scheme better captures observed diurnal variability of surface NH3. This contrast highlights the need for accurately simulating diurnal variability of NH3 in assimilation of sun-synchronous observations and also the potential value of future geostationary satellite observations. Overall, our top-down ammonia emissions can help to examine the effectiveness of air pollution control policies to facilitate future air pollution management, as well as helping us understand the uncertainty in top-down NH3 emissions estimates associated with treatment of NH3 surface exchange.

We conduct the first 4D-Var inversion of NH 3 accounting for NH 3 bi-directional flux, using CrIS satellite NH 3 observations over Europe in 2016. We find posterior NH 3 emissions peak more in springtime than prior emissions at continental to national scales, and annually they are generally smaller than the prior emissions over central Europe, but larger over most of the rest of Europe. Annual posterior anthropogenic NH 3 emissions for 25 European Union members (EU25) are 25% higher than the prior emissions and very close (<2% difference) to other inventories. Our posterior annual anthropogenic emissions for EU25, the UK, the Netherlands, and Switzerland are generally 10%–20% smaller than when treating NH 3 fluxes as uni-directional emissions, while the monthly regional difference can be up to 34% (Switzerland in July). Compared to monthly mean in-situ observations, our posterior NH 3 emissions from both schemes generally improve the magnitude and seasonality of simulated surface NH 3 and bulk NH x wet deposition throughout most of Europe, whereas evaluation against hourly measurements at a background site shows the bi-directional scheme better captures observed diurnal variability of surface NH 3 . This contrast highlights the need for accurately simulating diurnal variability of NH 3 in assimilation of sun-synchronous observations and also the potential value of future geostationary satellite observations. Overall, our top-down ammonia emissions can help to examine the effectiveness of air pollution control policies to facilitate future air pollution management, as well as helping us understand the uncertainty in top-down NH 3 emissions estimates associated with treatment of NH 3 surface exchange.