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1. Origins and definitions -- 2. Methodological approaches centered on values -- 3. Traditional approaches focusing on attitudes and activities -- 4. French approaches -- 5. The analysis of products, goods, and services purchased by the consumer -- 6. Fields of application of lifestyles -- 7. Problems and critiques raised by studies of lifestyles -- 8. New methodological and conceptual proposals -- 9. Social media and a theory and method for future research -- 10. General conclusions.

Lifestyle is an important concept in advertising and applied marketing research, although casual use of the term has rendered it suspect among scholars. This book approaches the concept of lifestyle from a current scholarly perspective, and subjects it to rigorous theoretical standards with an integrated, applied psychological point of view.

This article builds on previous research that has led to the development of a psychometric scale designed for capturing individual time orientations over a 15-year period. The time styles scale was initially developed in France. Cross-cultural replications of the scale were undertaken in several countries (Germany, Hong Kong, Tunisia, Vietnam), with particular emphasis on the influence of language on psychometric measurement. We demonstrate the nomological validity of the scale by reviewing research that has assessed its ability to predict values, individual activity planning, attitudes towards waiting time, as well as buying and consumption behaviour.

Issues pertaining to the perception of time are central to many marketing dynamics, especially for consumer behaviour. This article first presents time frames as they are established within a society (mostly described by sociology and anthropology) in relation to the perception of individuals (mostly through experimental and social psychology, as well as the marketing literature). A psychometric scale is then introduced in order to capture these time orientations (`time-styles'). Three hundred questionnaires containing 180 items, based on previous studies, have been administered. Six main dimensions are identified: preference for economic/organized time; preference for non-linear/unorganized time; orientation towards the past; orientation towards the future; time submissiveness; time anxiety.

International audience ; While research dedicated to brand activism (BA) is growing, we still do not know how consumers perceive BA and how it influences their relationships with brands. This exploratory research aims at understanding the perception and reactions of consumers towards BA campaigns through a dual perspective-cognitive and affective. First, it contributes to better delineate the construct of BA from closely related constructs. Second, based on an AOL projective technique on two BA campaigns, this study reveals the potential role of psychological distance in consumer's perception of the brand's efforts in supporting a cause. From an affective viewpoint, brands gain legitimacy through BA, however, consumers could have potential feelings of scepticism towards inconsistent BA campaigns. From a cognitive perspective, this study displays dual incentives (collective and individual) for brands to adopt BA as a strategy, and the likely role of BA as a starting point for political changes.

International audience ; While research dedicated to brand activism (BA) is growing, we still do not know how consumers perceive BA and how it influences their relationships with brands. This exploratory research aims at understanding the perception and reactions of consumers towards BA campaigns through a dual perspective-cognitive and affective. First, it contributes to better delineate the construct of BA from closely related constructs. Second, based on an AOL projective technique on two BA campaigns, this study reveals the potential role of psychological distance in consumer's perception of the brand's efforts in supporting a cause. From an affective viewpoint, brands gain legitimacy through BA, however, consumers could have potential feelings of scepticism towards inconsistent BA campaigns. From a cognitive perspective, this study displays dual incentives (collective and individual) for brands to adopt BA as a strategy, and the likely role of BA as a starting point for political changes.

International audience ; While research dedicated to brand activism (BA) is growing, we still do not know how consumers perceive BA and how it influences their relationships with brands. This exploratory research aims at understanding the perception and reactions of consumers towards BA campaigns through a dual perspective-cognitive and affective. First, it contributes to better delineate the construct of BA from closely related constructs. Second, based on an AOL projective technique on two BA campaigns, this study reveals the potential role of psychological distance in consumer's perception of the brand's efforts in supporting a cause. From an affective viewpoint, brands gain legitimacy through BA, however, consumers could have potential feelings of scepticism towards inconsistent BA campaigns. From a cognitive perspective, this study displays dual incentives (collective and individual) for brands to adopt BA as a strategy, and the likely role of BA as a starting point for political changes.

International audience ; While research dedicated to brand activism (BA) is growing, we still do not know how consumers perceive BA and how it influences their relationships with brands. This exploratory research aims at understanding the perception and reactions of consumers towards BA campaigns through a dual perspective-cognitive and affective. First, it contributes to better delineate the construct of BA from closely related constructs. Second, based on an AOL projective technique on two BA campaigns, this study reveals the potential role of psychological distance in consumer's perception of the brand's efforts in supporting a cause. From an affective viewpoint, brands gain legitimacy through BA, however, consumers could have potential feelings of scepticism towards inconsistent BA campaigns. From a cognitive perspective, this study displays dual incentives (collective and individual) for brands to adopt BA as a strategy, and the likely role of BA as a starting point for political changes.