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The article aims to develop an empirical approach to identifying the key factors in the political elite behavior effectiveness in combating the COVID-19 pandemic propagation exemplified by Vietnam. Using regression analysis and the Chow test, we identified key behavioral factors that affect the effectiveness of the fight against the COVID-19 pandemic in terms of mortality rates and the state of the economy. The study sample was formed by data from 67 countries worldwide for 2020. The results suggest that the Rule of Law significantly influences the state of the economy in a pandemic. The COVID-19 mortality rate is affected by the Global Health Security Index, gender, and cultural factors. Based on the constructed linear multivariate regression models, we calculated the contribution of significant factors to the effectiveness of combating the pandemic in Vietnam, their stimulating and de-stimulating effects compared to the average values of these indicators for the sample countries.

Purpose of the study: This paper aims to explore some of the crucial reasons limiting the contemporary participation of Vietnamese women in political leadership by reviewing the attitudes of male and female political elites toward opportunities for political promotion
Methodology: The population of this research is the leaders and potential leaders of the Vietnamese political system. The purposive sampling method was used, resulting in 324 respondents. In addition, in-depth interviews were conducted with 21 government officials. Quantitative data resulting from questionnaires were processed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software for Windows, version 19. Qualitative data were processed manually. No discussion or explanation.
Main Findings: The study results show that the majority of Vietnamese political elites are willing to take up opportunities for promotion. However, women's readiness to accept opportunities for promotion is often lower than that of men, due to social expectations on their traditional gender roles. Besides, improper legal frameworks and policies significantly contribute to women having less political ambition and giving up on their dreams earlier than their male counterparts.
Applications of this study: The results of this study are useful for the Vietnamese Government to develop measures for removing the obstacles that hinder women's political participation.
Novelty/Originality of this study: This study uses data from the author's original survey.

Purpose of the study: This paper aims to explore some of the crucial reasons limiting the contemporary participation of Vietnamese women in political leadership by reviewing the attitudes of male and female political elites toward opportunities for political promotion Methodology: The population of this research is the leaders and potential leaders of the Vietnamese political system. The purposive sampling method was used, resulting in 324 respondents. In addition, in-depth interviews were conducted with 21 government officials. Quantitative data resulting from questionnaires were processed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software for Windows, version 19. Qualitative data were processed manually. No discussion or explanation. Main Findings: The study results show that the majority of Vietnamese political elites are willing to take up opportunities for promotion. However, women's readiness to accept opportunities for promotion is often lower than that of men, due to social expectations on their traditional gender roles. Besides, improper legal frameworks and policies significantly contribute to women having less political ambition and giving up on their dreams earlier than their male counterparts. Applications of this study: The results of this study are useful for the Vietnamese Government to develop measures for removing the obstacles that hinder women's political participation. Novelty/Originality of this study: This study uses data from the author's original survey. ; Propósito del estudio: Este artículo tiene como objetivo explorar algunas de las razones cruciales que limitan la participación contemporánea de las mujeres vietnamitas en el liderazgo político mediante la revisión de las actitudes de las élites políticas masculinas y femeninas hacia las oportunidades de promoción política. Metodología: La población de esta investigación son los líderes y líderes potenciales del sistema político vietnamita. Se utilizó el método de muestreo intencional, lo que resultó en 324 encuestados. Además, se realizaron entrevistas en profundidad con 21 funcionarios gubernamentales. Los datos cuantitativos resultantes de los cuestionarios se procesaron utilizando el software Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) para Windows, versión 19. Los datos cualitativos se procesaron manualmente. Sin discusión ni explicación. Principales hallazgos: Los resultados del estudio muestran que la mayoría de las élites políticas vietnamitas están dispuestas a aprovechar las oportunidades de promoción. Sin embargo, la disposición de las mujeres a aceptar oportunidades de ascenso suele ser menor que la de los hombres, debido a las expectativas sociales sobre sus roles tradicionales de género. Además, los marcos legales y políticas inadecuados contribuyen significativamente a que las mujeres tengan menos ambición política y renuncien a sus sueños antes que sus contrapartes masculinas. Aplicaciones de este estudio: Los resultados de este estudio son útiles para que el gobierno vietnamita desarrolle medidas para eliminar los obstáculos que obstaculizan la participación política de las mujeres. Novedad / originalidad de este estudio: este estudio utiliza datos de la encuesta original del autor.

ABSTRACT According to the article "Global Gender Gap Report 2020" of the World Economic Forum, on gender equality ranking roles by country, women's political participation in Vietnam has dropped ten places, from 77th in 2018 to 87th in 2019. Research results show that the majority of respondents believe both genders should play equal political roles in the country, although certain differences were observed in the attitudes of different groups of respondents on gender, age, and education level. These sub-groups also demonstrate certain notable trends when discussing measures to promote women's political participation in Vietnam.RESUMEN Según el artículo "Global Gender Gap Report 2020" del Foro Económico Mundial, sobre los roles de clasificación de la igualdad de género por país, la participación política de las mujeres en Vietnam ha caído diez lugares, del 77 en 2018 al 87 en 2019. Los resultados de la investigación muestran que la mayoría de los encuestados cree que ambos géneros deberían desempeñar papeles políticos iguales en el país, aunque se observaron ciertas diferencias en las actitudes de los diferentes grupos de encuestados sobre género, edad y nivel educativo. Estos subgrupos también demuestran ciertas tendencias notables cuando se discuten las medidas para promover la participación política de la mujer en Vietnam.

Since 2020, Covid 19 has completely changed the daily activities of almost all nations, and education has been heavily affected. Because of school closures, face-to-face classrooms were halted or replaced with online classes in which both lecturers and learners had to adjust their teaching and learning styles to cope with unexpected situations. The 'new normal' of learning from homes, spending hours staring at screens, and struggling with piles of online tasks has somehow demotivated students to continue learning. This study explores factors affecting students' desire to take online courses after experiencing e-learning during Covid 19. Nine hundred fifty-five students of Vietnam National University took part in the survey via an online questionnaire. Data were analyzed using SPSS20; correlation, hierarchical regression was employed to examine how online factors influence students' decision. The research results showed that skill enhancement, self-regulated learning, lecturer interaction during the course were among the most important predictors of students' desire to take more online courses. In contrast, student interaction imposed no significant influence. This study gives the theoretical background for other studies in the same field and suggests practical implications for governments and universities to implement online training better to cope with the pandemic.

PurposeThis paper aims to examine whether consumers respond differently to different types of eco-innovations and to explore how and under what conditions eco-friendly consumer innovativeness (ECI) impacts consumers' perception and adoption intentions.Design/methodology/approachTwo online experiments with real consumers in the USA were conducted to test the hypothesized relationships. Two eco-innovation products were examined: a connected vacuum cleaner (Study 1) and an innovative smartphone (Study 2).FindingsFirst, consumers tend to express more positive product beliefs, higher preferences and stronger adoption intentions toward resource use elimination innovations compared with the other types of eco-innovations across two product categories. Although consumers are not willing to pay more, they would adjust their payment equity by increasing consumption levels for resource use elimination innovations. Second, this research demonstrates ECI affects adoption intentions via formulating consumer perceptions of product eco-friendliness. Perceived trade-offs between eco-friendly benefits and product effectiveness strengthens the positive effect of ECI while weakening the impact of perceived product eco-friendliness on adoption intentions.Research limitations/implicationsFuture studies may validate and extend the results for marketing communication to different types of eco-friendly innovative consumers to determine which marketing messages best match the perceptions and preferences of certain eco-friendly innovative consumers.Practical implicationsThis study offers useful insights for strategic research-and-development investment and decision-making processes in selecting the best-suited approaches to developing eco-innovations and maximizing their success in the commercialization phase. Specifically, firms should place greater emphasis on resource use elimination innovation, which could evoke more positive consumer responses than resource use efficiency innovations and resource use substitution innovations. Moreover, it is important to improve the segmentation of the early adopters in the eco-innovation market with respect to specific types of eco-innovations so that marketers can distinctively address eco-friendly innovative consumers that best fit the potential user profile of their products.Originality/valueThe current research is novel as neither an empirically nor a theoretically founded framework has been suggested to examine how and why consumers respond differently to different types of eco-innovations. The findings shine new lights on eco-innovation research by providing useful insights into the underlying mechanisms and the conditions under which ECI affects consumers' responses.

How to ensure energy supply and reduce environment pollution have turned into governments' top priorities and key factors to maintain sustainable development. In this context, two major trade and investment agreements that could lead to profound influence on low-carbon energy systems development around the Asia-Pacific region are the Regional comprehensive economic partnership (RCEP) consisted of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) plus Australia, China, India, Japan, New Zealand, and Republic of Korea and the Belt and road initiative (BRI) initiated by China.In order to have a smooth transition to low-carbon energy systems in Asia, besides RCEP and BRI it is imperative to boost private sector investment. Success of encouraging private sector investment depends on appropriate government policies towards promoting innovations and reducing financial risks to private investors. The research questions that are examined in this study are: What type of policy measures affects trade in low-carbon transition, particularly renewable energy (RE) transition? How can investment signals and incentives be reframed to scale up private finance in RE? The objective is to investigate and to provide several feasible trade policy and investment policy tools for both national and regional markets that governments could adopt to accelerate the speed of private financing of the low-carbon energy industry, particularly the RE industry.

Background Socioeconomic inequalities in access to maternal health care have received more attention as it challenges the sustainability of the ongoing achievement in reducing maternal mortality. By promoting access to maternal health care as one of the core targets of the Health Sector Reform, Lao People's Democratic Republic has reduced maternal mortality dramatically over the last decade. In spite of this improvement, little has been known about the secular trends in disparities of service utilization across different socioeconomic subgroups. Methods Two waves of the Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey in the years 2000 and 2012 were pooled for the analysis. We used logistic regression to estimate the likelihood of using antenatal care (ANC) and delivery services with skilled birth attendants (SBA) across different socioeconomic subgroups. Difference-in-difference method was applied to examine the inequality trends across the years by analyzing the interaction terms of the survey years and socioeconomic factors (education, wealth, ethnicity, and residential areas). Results Urban-rural disparity was improved over time while there were no educational disparity changes. Rural residential areas showed significant changes than urban areas over time [OR = 2.40; 95% CI: 1.52–3.77 for ANC and OR = 2.16; 95% CI: 1.36–3.42 for SBA]. However, there were aggravations in the disparities between major and minor ethnic group as well as worsening disparities between the rich and poor: i.e. Ethnic minority showed significant aggravation over time [OR = 0.62; 95% CI: 0.44–0.89 for ANC and OR = 0.65; 95% CI: 0.44–0.97 for SBA]. Conclusions Efforts to increase maternal health service utilization in poor and minority ethnic groups should be emphasized to reduce social inequalities, thus encompassing multiple-sector interventions rather than focusing only on health sector related interventions. ; The authors would like to acknowledge the Multiple Indicators Cluster Survey team of the UNICEF as well as the UNICEF Lao PDR country office for their support in providing the data.