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The internationalisation of R & D in small open economies : spillovers, collaborations and patented knowledge / André Spithoven and Peter Teirlinck -- The impact of foreign investment on productivity and technology in Belgium / Koen De Backer and Leo Sleuwagen -- The impact of globalisation of businesses on national R & D support / Maarten Sileghem, Jonathan Slow and Leo Van de Loock -- Regulatory framework regarding ownership on inventions conceived at universities / Marie-Christine Janssens -- Legal environments and first international market entries : evidence on the internationalisation of new technology-based firms in three European countries / Régis Coeurderoy and Gordon Murray -- Growth of high-tech start-ups : an international perspective / Bart Clarysse and Johan Bruneel -- A cross-country comparison of innovation : the role of human capital and social capital / Dirk De Clercq and Mourad Dakhli -- Brain drain, brain gain and brain exchange : the role of MNES in a small open economy / Michele Cincera -- Location and agglomeration of foreign R & D activities in a small open economy / Peter Teirlinck -- Capturing value from radical innovation : managing international partnerships / Els Van de Velde and Bart Clarysse -- Internationalisation of innovation in a small open economy : exploring the role of ownership structure on performances and R & D collaboration / André Spithoven -- The commitment of Belgian teams to European S & T cooperative agreements / Henri Capron and Michele Cincera -- International knowledge flows from and into a small open economy : patent citation analysis / Ruslan Lukach and Joseph Plasmans -- The internationalisation of the production of technology : a more complete picture for Belgium / Michele Cincera, Bruno van Pottelsberghe de la Potterie and Reinhilde Veugelers -- Turning facts into policy : implications of the internationalisation of R & D for small open economies / André Spithoven and Peter Teirlinck

Abstract
This paper aims to improve the Regional Innovation Scoreboard as an instrument for policy-making. Dynamic slack–based models of data envelopment analysis to measure innovation output efficiency in 207 European regions demonstrate that the scale-based performance classification of the Scoreboard into 'leader', 'strong', 'moderate', and 'modest' innovator regions inadequately reflects differences in efficiency in transforming knowledge inputs into innovation outputs. We reveal a non-monotonic relation between scale-based and efficiency-based performance and substantial heterogeneity among the reasons for inefficiency among regions within each of the four scale-based performance classes of regions. Our findings argue for an extension of the current scale-based use of the Scoreboard by adding an efficiency-based measurement of the innovation process. Doing so addresses the tendency in policy design towards an increased focus on the efficient use of scarce resources in place-based policy approaches and strengthens the application of the Scoreboard as an informative decision-making tool.

The increased use of external knowledge relations, complementary to in-house R&D, influences the way firms are organised to manage innovation. The 'new' imperative of open innovation promotes the idea that firms organise innovation, to a greater extent, in interaction with outside parties. This paper argues that both the organisation of innovation as well as the use of external knowledge depends on the physical, socio-economic and cultural environment. The outcome of the analysis supports the idea that (open) innovation is spatially organised. Contrary to the expectations, innovative firms in less urbanised areas show a higher degree of openness.