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One of the consequences of the influx of refugees and immigrants to the European continent is the rise of anti-immigration sentiments. These translate, among other things, into the emergence of anti-immigrant social movements. The subject of consideration will be their activity in our country. They have intensified due to the immigration crisis, which has been de facto unnoticeable in Poland so far. In contrast, now, when Poland is facing an unprecedented influx of refugees and immigrants from Ukraine, anti-immigrant movements are of marginal significance. The study will show anti-immigration movements in Poland from the pe rspective of selected theories from the social sciences. Then, the factors influencing the development of this type of social activity in Poland will be discussed. The last part will present the previous activity of anti-immigration movements in our country. The central hypothesis is based on the assumption that factors potentially conducive to developing anti-immigrant movements have emerged in Poland. They took the form of an influx of immigrants and refugees on a previously unprecedented scale and under the conditions of watershed moments, including the migration crisis in Europe, the COVID-19 pandemic, the immigration crisis on the Polish-Belarusian border, the war in Ukraine and the deteriorating economic situation. On the other hand, a group of factors led by the political situation, which has so far effectively limited the growth of these movements on a broader scale, has emerged.

W artykule podjęto temat bezpieczeństwa kulturowego mniejszości etnicznych i narodowych analizując go na przykładzie mniejszości tureckiej w Bułgarii. Jest to najliczniejsza mniejszość w tym kraju, obecna w nim od kilku stuleci. Ponadto Turcy wraz z Pomakami i częścią Romów wchodzą w skład najliczniejszej mniejszości religijnej w Bułgarii – muzułmanów. Zachowanie przez nich tożsamości oraz ochrona i rozwój dziedzictwa kulturowego, czyli fundamentalnych elementów bezpieczeństwa kulturowego, uwarunkowane jest szeregiem determinantów o charakterze egzogennym i endogennym. Do jednych z najważniejszych należy m.in. polityka państwa zamieszkania i państwa macierzystego, czynniki demograficzne, charakter osiedlenia, czynniki ekonomiczne. Z kolei wśród wyzwań bezpieczeństwa kulturowego Turków w Bułgarii wyróżnić można m.in. zachowanie języka tureckiego, ochronę materialnego dziedzictwa kulturowego, możliwość międzypokoleniowego przekazu kulturowego. Głównym problemem badawczym jest umiejscowienie bezpieczeństwa kulturowego mniejszości tureckiej w szerszym kontekście przemian społeczno-politycznych i gospodarczych zachodzących w Bułgarii. W części teoretycznej zdefiniowano bezpieczeństwo kulturowe mniejszości etnicznych i narodowych, następnie – jako wybrane zagrożenia bezpieczeństwa kulturowego – przybliżono pojęcie ludobójstwa kulturowego oraz sekurytyzacji mniejszości etnicznych i narodowych. W kolejnej części ukazano politykę władz komunistycznych wobec mniejszości tureckiej, której negatywne skutki zauważalne są po dzień dzisiejszy. Następnie przybliżono zarys współczesnej sytuacji mniejszości tureckiej po 1989 r. w kontekście możliwości zachowania i rozwijania jej kultury oraz tożsamości kulturowej. Rozważania kończy szczegółowa analiza wybranych problemów bezpieczeństwa kulturowego społeczności tureckiej. Łączy je to, że w ewidentny sposób ograniczają możliwości wykorzystywania przez Turków ich niewątpliwych atutów w zachowaniu bezpieczeństwa kulturowego – liczebności, koncentracji terytorialnej, silnego poczucia tożsamości, geograficznej bliskości Turcji. Przed mniejszością turecką pojawia się więc konieczność podjęcia działań wzmacniających owe atuty i niwelujących niekorzystny wpływ sytuacji społeczno-politycznej i gospodarczej na bezpieczeństwo kulturowe. Cultural security of the Turkish minority in Bulgaria against the background of socio-political and economic changes in the country The article addresses the cultural security of ethnic and national minorities by analysing the example of the Turkish minority in Bulgaria. It is the most signifi¬cant minority in the country, present there for several centuries. Moreover, the Turks, alongside the Pomaks and some Roma, constitute part of Bulgaria's most considerable religious minority – the Muslims. The preservation of their identity and the protection and development of their cultural heritage, i.e. the fundamental elements of cultural security, are conditioned by many exogenous and endogenous determinants. The most important ones include the policies of the state of residence and the home state, demographic factors, the nature of the settlement, and economic factors, among others. On the other hand, one can distinguish the preservation of the Turkish language, the protection of material cultural heritage, and the possibility of intergenerational cultural transmission among the challenges of cultural security for Turks in Bulgaria. The main research problem is to situate the cultural security of the Turkish minority in the broader context of the socio-political and economic changes occurring in Bulgaria. In the theoretical part, the cultural security of ethnic and national minorities is defined, and then the concept of cultural genocide and securitization of ethnic and national minorities were introduced as selected threats to cultural security. The next part presents the policy of the communist authorities towards the Turkish minority, the negative consequences of which are still noticeable today. It is followed by the outlined contemporary situation of the Turkish minority after 1989 in the context of the possibility of preserving and developing its culture and cultural identity. The considerations conclude with a detailed analysis of selected problems of cultural security of the Turkish community, which limit the opportunities for the Turks to use their undoubted advantages in maintaining their cultural security – the number of people, territorial concentration, a strong sense of identity, geographical proximity to Turkey. Therefore, the Turkish minority faces the necessity to take measures to strengthen these assets and eliminate the factors adversely affecting its cultural security level.

The Council of Europe Convention on preventing and combating violence against women and domestic violence, commonly known as the Istanbul Convention, and in Poland also as the anti-violence convention, was opened for signature in Istanbul on May 11, 2011. Turkey was one of the first countries to sign and ratify the document. Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, then as Prime Minister-in-Office, was one of the great advocates of Ankara ratifying the Convention. However, the politician, already as president, "celebrated" the Republic's decade-long presence in the Convention by signing a decree in March 2021 annulling Turkey's ratification of the document. The text aims to analyse Turkey's involvement in the preparation and subsequent adoption of the Istanbul Convention in the context of building Turkish soft power on the Old Continent. The text structure is as follows: the first part will define the concept of soft power and analyse the evolution of Turkish soft power. Then, the Convention on preventing and combating violence against women and domestic violence will be described, and the next part will chronologically describe the presence of the Republic in the Convention. The last part analyses Turkey's activities related to the preparation and adoption of the Istanbul Convention in the context of building Turkish soft power in Europe.

This study deals with the dispute between secular Jews (Hilonim) and Orthodox Jews (Haredim) that is taking place in Israel today. Because of its nature – it concerns values, lifestyles, religion, worldview, and identity issues – it can be categorised as a cultural conflict. They represent one of the most significant challenges to cultural security. The case of Israel is no different. This paper looks closely at the determinants of the dispute between Haredim and Hilonim and the critical issues at stake. The discussion is placed in the context of Israel's major cultural security issues.