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En este documento se estudian los efectos de la política fiscal y el espacio fiscal existente en una unión monetaria compuesta por países con distintos niveles de deuda pública. Desarrollamos un modelo de equilibrio general dinámico y estocástico (DSGE, por sus siglas en inglés) de una unión monetaria de dos países, calibrada a partir de las características de España y Alemania, en el que la sostenibilidad de la deuda pública y su prima de riesgo se determinan de forma endógena según el mecanismo propuesto por Bi (2012). En este modelo, las decisiones de política económica modifican las expectativas de los mercados sobre los superávits futuros afectando directamente a la prima de riesgo soberana y a las respuestas de las principales variables macroeconómicas. En tiempos normales, el coste de una consolidación fiscal basada en una reducción del gasto público en un país miembro de la unión con deuda elevada se ve reducido cuando esta mejora las perspectivas de sostenibilidad de su deuda pública. Una consolidación fiscal simultánea en los dos miembros de la unión reduce aún más los tipos de interés reales, lo que amplifica la caída de la prima de riesgo en el país más endeudado y, pese a reducir la actividad económica del conjunto de la unión en el corto plazo, puede suponer una mejora en el largo plazo. Por el contrario, cuando la política monetaria está restringida por haber alcanzado los tipos de interés nominales su cota inferior (ZLB, por sus siglas en inglés), el canal de la prima de riesgo ve muy reducida su efectividad. En esta situación, una consolidación fiscal genera expectativas deflacionarias que aumentan el tipo de interés real, lo que puede compensar total o parcialmente, según la calibración, los beneficios derivados de la menor prima de riesgo. Así, la estrategia que proporconaría un mayor aumento de la actividad en el conjunto de la unión en el ZLB sería una expansión fiscal en el país menos endeudado y una consolidación en el más endeudado. Finalmente, el canal de prima de riesgo solo afecta de forma indirecta a los miembros de la unión monetaria con un nivel de deuda medio o bajo, a través de los efectos sobre la economía de los miembros con una deuda elevada. ; In this paper we study fiscal policy effects and fiscal space for countries in a monetary union with different levels of public debt. We develop a dynamic stochastic general equilibrium (DSGE) model of a two-country monetary union, calibrated to match the characteristics of Spain and Germany, in which debt sustainability is endogenously determined a la Bi (2012) to shape the responses of the risk premium on public debt. Policy shocks change the market's expectation about future primary surplus, producing a direct effect on the sovereign risk premium and macroeconomic responses of the economy. In normal times the costs of a government spending driven fiscal consolidation in the high-debt country are greatly diminished when this consolidation improves endogenously its debt sustainability prospects. Fiscal consolidations in both members of the monetary union decrease real interest rates and amplify the reduction in risk premium in the highly-indebted country, improving union-wide output in the long run, but at the cost of lower output in the lowdebt country in the short term. On the contrary, when monetary policy is constrained at the zero lower bound, the risk premium channel arising from the endogenous determination of debt sustainability becomes muted. In the ZLB, a fiscal consolidation generates deflation expectations which increase the real interest rate and may compensate partially or completely, depending on the calibration, the benefits from a lower risk premium. In this context, a fiscal expansion in the low-debt country and a consolidation in the highdebt country delivers the greater positive impact on union-wide output. Finally, the risk premium channel only affects countries with medium or low levels of public debt indirectly through the negative spillovers from other high-debt members of the monetary union.

This paper studies the effects of government spending under limited international capital mobility, as featured by most developing countries. While external financing of government debt mitigates the crowding-out effect, it generates real appreciation, which contracts traded output and lowers the fiscal multiplier in the short run. The decline of the multiplier is larger when facing debt-elastic country risk premia. Also, government spending is more expansionary with more home bias in government purchases, more sectoral rigidities, and a less flexible exchange rate. Whether the twin-deficit hy

This paper studies fiscal policy effects in developing countries with external debt and sovereign default risks. State-dependent distributions of fiscal limits are simulated based on macroeconomic uncertainty and fiscal policy specifications. The analysis shows that expected future revenue plays an important role in the low fiscal limits of developing countries, relative to those of developed countries. External debt carries additional risks since large devaluation of the real exchange rate can suddenly raise default probabilities. Consistent with majority views, fiscal consolidations are coun

AbstractWe study the fiscal implications of interest rate normalization from the zero lower bound (ZLB) in the United States. At the ZLB, falling tax revenues and real bond prices increase government debt accumulation. During normalization, interest payments remain above the path without the ZLB, and government debt can increase further despite the recovery of output and tax revenues. Against the yardstick of ability to pay, interest rate normalization is unlikely to threaten federal debt sustainability at the current net federal debt level about 100% of GDP. If the government fails to reform Social Security and major healthcare programs, sovereign default risk can rise more quickly when debt reaches 150% of GDP. Also, a more active monetary policy anchors inflation expectations better, generates a faster recovery and, hence, slows down debt accumulation more than a less active one does. An unexpected early liftoff, however, can prolong a recession and increase debt accumulation more at the ZLB and during normalization.