A preliminary assessment of the indicators for Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 14 "Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources for sustainable development"
In: Marine policy, Volume 98, p. 47-57
ISSN: 0308-597X
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In: Marine policy, Volume 98, p. 47-57
ISSN: 0308-597X
In: Journal of development economics, Volume 93, Issue 2, p. 275-286
ISSN: 0304-3878
In: Journal of Development Economics, Volume 93, Issue 2
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In: Journal of development economics
ISSN: 0304-3878
World Affairs Online
In: Risk analysis: an international journal, Volume 44, Issue 9, p. 2046-2088
ISSN: 1539-6924
AbstractThe unprecedented exposure of radiofrequency electromagnetic field (RF‐EMF) to humans from mobile communications raises serious public concern about the possibility of unexpected adverse health effects and has stimulated authorities to adopt precautionary exposure limits. These limits are distinctly different across countries, and the causes of these differences are unclear from the literature. This article is the first empirical analysis on the determinants of RF‐EMF exposure legislation, using a novel cross‐sectional database of 164 countries worldwide. The analysis shows that decentralization and mobile competition in countries with low mobile network deployment tend to promote more stringent RF‐EMF exposure limits across the dataset with 164 countries. In more decentralized countries, the regions had a greater influence on national legislation and could accommodate local demands with the advent of mobile technology in the 2000s. In contrast, decentralization and mobile competition in countries with high levels of mobile network deployment tend to relax RF‐EMF exposure limits in the sample of 61 countries with fifth‐generation (5G) technology. Indeed, restrictive RF‐EMF exposure limits are constraining 5G deployment in a context of the widespread adoption of mobile‐broadband technologies. These results should be useful for policymakers and mobile operators alike to anticipate the outcome of legislation in countries that have yet to introduce 5G technology. The results should also be useful when reviewing policies and strategies for the implementation of the upcoming 6G technology in frequency bands that will be increasingly higher (above 6 GHz up to THz for very local usage), and hence where the health effects on humans are less well studied.
In: Environmental and resource economics, Volume 77, Issue 2, p. 271-333
ISSN: 1573-1502
In: INFRASTRUCTURE REGULATION: WHAT WORKS, WHY, AND HOW DO WE KNOW IT? LESSONS FROM ASIA AND BEYOND, D.S.L. Jarvis, M. Ramesh, W. Xun & E. Araral, Jr., eds., World Scientific Publishing Company, 2010
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In: Telecom Paris Tech Working Paper No. ESS-09-02
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Working paper
In: The Southern African Journal of Information and Communication, No. 9, 2008
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In: The World Bank Economic Review, Volume 3, Issue 3
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In: The World Bank Economic Review, Volume 23, Issue 3
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In: TRD-D-23-00847
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In: The World Bank Economic Review, Volume 23, Issue 3, p. 509-531
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In: Risk analysis: an international journal
ISSN: 1539-6924
AbstractThere is an unprecedented exposure of living organisms to mobile communications radiofrequency electromagnetic field (RF‐EMF) emissions. Guidelines on exposure thresholds to limit thermal effects from these emissions are restricted to humans. However, tissue heating can occur in all living organisms that are exposed. In addition, exposure at millimetric frequencies used by 5G may impact surface tissues and organs of plants and small‐size species. It is also expected that the addition of 5G to existing networks will intensify radiofrequency absorption by living organisms.A European Parliament report proposed policy options on the effects of RF‐EMF exposure of plants, animals, and other living organisms in the context of 5G: funding more research, implementing monitoring networks, accessing more information from operators on antennas and EMF emissions, and developing compliance studies when antennas are installed. However, there is no evidence on the preferences of relevant stakeholders regarding these policy options. This paper reports the findings of a survey of key European stakeholders' policy option preferences based on the European Parliament's report. It reveals a broad consensus on funding more research on the effects of exposure of plants, animals, and other living organisms to EMFs. It also highlights the need for deliberation concerning the other policy options that could provide solutions for regulatory authorities, central administrations, the private sector, nongovernmental associations and advocates, and academics. Such deliberation would pave the way for effective solutions, focusing on long‐term output from funding research, and enabling short‐term socially and economically acceptable actions for all parties concerned.
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