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Chapter 1: Introduction -- Definitions -- Past Literature -- Theoretical Foundations and Origins of Crusades against Christians -- Outline of the Present Volume -- Part I: Crusades in Southern Europe and the Balkans -- Chapter 2: Crusades Against Cathars, c.1207-1229 -- Introduction and Historiography -- Who Did Contemporaries Think the Cathars Were? -- Who Did Popes Think the Cathars Were? -- Why Did Popes Call for the Albigensian Crusade? -- How Did the Papacy Inspire People to Take Part in the Albigensian Crusade? -- How Did the Albigensian Crusade Compare with Crusades to the Holy Land? -- Conclusion: The Development of Papal Crusading Policy -- Chapter 3: Holy War and Crusade in Southern Italy: Twelfth to Fourteenth Centuries -- Introduction and Historiography -- The Origins of Crusades against Christians -- The Crusades against the Hohenstaufen and the Arrival of the Angevins -- The War of the Sicilian Vespers and the Crusades: Papal Support of the Angevins -- After the Peace of Caltabellotta (1302): The Fading of the Sicilian Crusades -- Conclusion -- Chapter 4: Crusades in Northern Italy in the Thirteenth Century -- Introduction and Historiography -- Preludes to the Northern Italian Crusades: The Pontificates of Innocent III and Honorius IV (1198-1227) -- Papal and Imperial Quasi-crusading (1227-1239) -- The Crusade against Frederick II and His Northern Italian Supporters (1240-1250) -- The Crusade against Frederick II and Heterodoxy -- Surge and Decline of Crusading within Northern Italy after Frederick II's Death in 1250: The Case of Ezzelino da Romano -- Conclusions -- Chapter 5: Crusades in Northern Italy in the Fourteenth Century -- Introduction and Historiography -- The Crusades -- The Chroniclers -- Conclusions.