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An examination of the experience of southern Cambodia from 1971 to 1974 explains how a small but dedicated force was able to impose a revolution on a society without widespread participation of the peasantry.

Black–white test score gaps form in early childhood and widen over elementary school. Sociologists have debated the roles that socioeconomic status (SES) and school quality play in explaining these patterns. In this study, I replicate and extend past research using new nationally representative data from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study–Kindergarten Class of 2010–2011. I find black–white test score gaps at kindergarten entry in 2010 in reading ( SD = .32), math ( SD = .54), and working memory ( SD = .52 among children with valid scores). Math and reading gaps widened by approximately .06 standard deviations over kindergarten, but the working memory gap was constant. Multivariate regressions show that student SES explained the reading gap at school entry, but gap decompositions suggest that school quality differences were responsible for the widening of the reading gap over kindergarten. SES explained much of the math gap at school entry, but the widening of the math gap could not be explained by SES, school quality, or other hypotheses.

Between 1973 and 1990, Pinochet's dictatorship in Chile implemented the systematic practice of forced disappearances and extrajudicial killings in order to eradicate the imagined "communist cancer" (Wyndham and Read 2010: 31). A total of 3,227 deaths have been tallied; 1,465 of these were cases of detenidos-desaparecidos, or enforced disappearances (Garrido and Intriago 2012: 34). Scholars suggest that Chile's transition to democracy will remain incomplete without first locating and identifying the desaparecidos (Aguilar 2002). Through methods of comparing postmortem skeletal analysis with antemortem data, forensic anthropologists carry out the important work that makes identifications possible. This thesis evaluates the development of the field of forensic anthropology in Chile, taking into consideration certain peculiarities in such development that led to errors in identifying the dead. An analysis of these errors, the circumstances that led to them, and the resulting response in their aftermath, provides an important lesson for the improvement of the field as it moves forward and is applied in other global contexts. I take an anthropological approach to this case, and rely on comparison with the U.S. and several other international cases. As the field of forensic anthropology matures, ethnographic studies of scientists and their practices have begun to emerge. Additionally, there has been an increased reflexivity on the part of the forensic scientists themselves. Following these trends, I rely on personal interviews and reflections of key forensic practitioners in Chile. This thesis aims to join the ongoing discussion, and to raise awareness of the important role forensic anthropology plays in uncovering the truth, providing evidence of political crimes, revising historical memory and, most importantly, returning loved ones to their families in the hopes of giving them solace from their suffering.

Many situations exist in which a latent construct has both ordinal and continuous indicators. This presents a problem for the applied researcher because standard measurement models are not designed to accommodate mixed ordinal and continuous data. I address this problem by formulating a measurement model that is appropriate for such mixed multivariate responses. This model unifies standard normal theory factor analysis and item response theory models for ordinal data. I detail a Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithm for model fitting. I apply the model to cross-national data on political-economic risk and find that the model works well. Software for fitting this model is publicly available in theMCMCpack(Martin and Quinn 2004, "MCMCpack 0.4–8")Rpackage.

Abstract: The writer argues for the removal of Rule 47(21) from Prison Rules. It is contrary to the principle o/nulla poena sine lege and also to that of legal certainty. It is unnecessary in that acts constituting offences against good order and discipline may already be punished under other paragraphs of the Rule. An opportunity to review the question will arise with the drafting of new primary and subordinate legislation.

Abstract: The writer considers the Home Office responses to Lord Justice Woolf's report on the 1990 prison disturbances insofar as they affect one aspect of prison lift, nameb, the adjudication. He fears that, with the removal from boards of visitors of their adjudicatosy function, elements of natural justice have been placed in jeopardy. It may not be possible for a governor to come to a hearing without bias or without hints that the governor is a judge in his or her own cause not being sufficiently independent. Lord Bridge's dictum in ex parte Leech (1988) to the effect that the governor adjudicates as something other than a servant of the Secretary of State is diyficulty to sustain in practice. The adjudicating governor may be in breach of Article 6 of the European Convention on Human Rights. The writer offers a way forward whereby discipline may be maintained in prisons through the application of a redrafted Prison Rule 47 and a revision of the present procedure.