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En el presente ARI se pretenden abordar las prioridades de cooperación cultural internacional de los Estados miembros de la UE, así como los nuevos instrumentos que, en este ámbito, se han generado a nivel comunitario. Los actores e instrumentos de la cooperación cultural internacional han evolucionado en las últimas décadas y esta evolución se ha acelerado en los últimos años en el marco de la UE, a raíz de una nueva estrategia para la cultura definida por la Comisión Europea y sus Estados miembros. En este sentido, a pesar de que la cultura es una competencia nacional, la acción de los Estados miembros de la UE no es ajena a esta acción comunitaria complementaria. Este ARI se centra en las áreas prioritarias para la cooperación cultural internacional de los Estados miembros de la UE, marcando las principales tendencias, y apuntando algunas de las novedades en el campo de la cooperación cultural internacional a nivel comunitario.

Noncompetitive N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonists can produce positive and negative symptomatology as well as impairment of cognitive function that closely resemble those present in schizophrenia. In rats, these drugs induce a behavioral syndrome (characterized by hyperlocomotion and stereotypies), an enhanced glutamatergic transmission in the medial prefrontal cortex, and damage to retrosplenial cortical neurons in adult rats, which was measured as the induction of the stress protein 72/73 kDa heat shock protein (Hsp72/73). In the present work we have examined the existence of possible differences among different antipsychotic drugs in their capacity to block immunolabeling of Hsp72/73 in the retrosplenial cortex of the rat induced by the potent NMDA receptor antagonist, MK-801. In addition, the effects of selective monoaminergic agents were also studied to delineate the particular receptors responsible for the actions of antipsychotic drugs. Pretreatment with clozapine, chlorpromazine, olanzapine, ziprasidone -and to a lesser extent haloperidol- reduced the formation of Hsp72/73 protein in the rat retrosplenial cortex after the administration of MK-801. In addition, antagonism at dopamine D2 (raclopride), 5-HT2A (M100907) and α1-adrenoceptors (prazosin) as well as agonism at 5-HT1A receptors (BAY x 3702) also diminished the MK-801-induced number of cells labeled with Hsp72/73. Each of these effects may contribute to antipsychotic action. The results suggest that the efficacy of atypical antipsychotic drugs in the clinic may result from a combined effect on 5-HT2A, 5-HT1A and α1-adrenergic receptors added to the classical dopamine D2 receptor antagonism. ; This work was supported by the Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Subdirección General de Evaluación y Fomento de la Investigación (FIS Grants PI070111 and PI1001103), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, CIBERSAM, and by the Innovative Medicine Initiative Joint Undertaking under grant agreement no. 115008, of which resources are composed of EFPIA in-kind contribution and financial contribution from the European Union's Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013). Funding by the Generalitat de Catalunya (2009SGR220) and co-funding by the European Regional Development Fund (a way to build Europe) is also acknowledged ; Peer reviewed

A lo largo de la década de 1980 muchos países europeos, entre ellos España, introdujeron políticas destinadas a ampliar las posibilidades de elección de las familias. El objetivo principal de este trabajo es analizar en qué medida las políticas públicas (financieras y no financieras) implantadas en España han aumentado la capacidad de elección de las familias en condiciones de igualdad, es decir, han proporcionado posibilidades efectivas de elección para todos los usuarios. Tras presentar las principales medidas adoptadas por el gobierno español desde 1985, entre ellas el establecimiento de un sistema de conciertos con la enseñanza privada, se lleva a cabo un análisis empírico sobre los determinantes de la elección de centro educativo en España. Este análisis pone de relieve la importancia que factores familiares, como el nivel educativo y cultural de los progenitores o su pertenencia a determinadas categorías socioeconómicas o nacionalidad (no ser inmigrante), tienen en la decisión de acudir a centros privados, especialmente concertados. Asimismo, la asistencia de otros miembros en el centro con anterioridad y que el alumno haya cursado educación infantil más de un año inciden positivamente en la probabilidad de elegir centros concertados. De este modo, se constata que, además de las diferencias en las preferencias familiares respecto a los centros educativos a los que acudirán los hijos, la elección de centro depende del contexto socioeconómico y cultural de la familia, de ahí que no se den condiciones de igualdad "real" en la capacidad de elección de centro por parte de las familias. ; During the 1980s most European countries, among which Spain, introduced educational policies to increase the family's school choice possibilities. The main objective of this article is to analyze to which extent public policies (financial and non-financial) established in Spain during the last three decades have increased family's school choice on equal terms, that is, whether they have provided effective school choice possibilities for all households. First, we describe main educational policies related to school choice since 1985, especially the public funding system for private schools (named concertos). Then, we show results from an empirical analysis related to determinants of family school choice. The latter reveals, among other factors, the significance of family's socio-economic and cultural characteristics as well as nationality (not being immigrant) on choosing private school, especially those funded by the government. Likewise, whether other family members attended the same school and whether students have attended kindergarten more than one year also have a positive effect on the probability that student goes to public funded private schools. Thus, the study reveals that in addition to family preference for private schools, the probability to attend private schools (including those funded by the government) depends on the socio-economic and cultural characteristics of the family and, therefore, there is no equal opportunity in school choice. ; Grupo FORCE Universidad de Granada

During the 1980s most European countries, among which Spain, introduced educational policies to increase the family's school choice possibilities. The main objective of this article is to analyze to which extent public policies (financial and non-financial) established in Spain during the last three decades have increased family's school choice on equal terms, that is, whether they have provided effective school choice possibilities for all households. First, we describe main educational policies related to school choice since 1985, especially the public funding system for private schools (named concertos). Then, we show results from an empirical analysis related to determinants of family school choice.The latter reveals, among other factors, the significance of family's socio-economic and cultural characteristics as well as nationality (not being immigrant) on choosing private school, especially those funded by the government. Likewise, whether other family members attended the same school and whether students have attended kindergarten more than one year also have a positive effect on the probability that student goes to public funded private schools. Thus, the study reveals that in addition to family preference for private schools, the probability to attend private schools (including those funded by the government) depends on the socio-economic and cultural characteristics of the family and, therefore, there is no equal opportunity in school choice.

Este artículo presenta una revisión de la literatura en torno a las acciones colectivas y los repertorios de acción de movimientos feministas. El objetivo es conocer el estado del arte y reflexionar sobre las potencialidades que estas categorías analíticas aportan al estudio de las distintas expresiones del movimiento feminista en el contexto actual. Para ello, se ha llevado a cabo una revisión sistematizada de la literatura publicada entre 1994 y 2020 en torno a los repertorios de acción colectiva feminista en la base de datos Web of Science. A partir de una selección final de 63 artículos, los principales resultados de la investigación revelan el fenómeno de la transnacionalización y las alianzas transfronterizas entre activistas feministas; la relevancia de los feminismos del Sur Global; la relación bidireccional que se produce entre el activismo feminista y el activismo en espacios digitales, así como la incorporación de la epistemología feminista en el estudio de este fenómeno.

© 2015 Pereira, Medina, Baena, Planas and Pozas. The adult subventricular zone (SVZ) is the main neurogenic niche in normal adult brains of mice and rats. Interferon gamma (IFNγ) has somewhat controversially been associated with SVZ progenitor proliferation and neurogenesis. The in vivo involvement of IFNγ in the physiology of the adult SVZ niche is not fully understood and its intracellular mediators are unknown. Here we show that IFNγ, through activation of its canonical signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1) pathway, acts specifically on Nestin+ progenitors by decreasing both progenitor proliferation and the number of cycling cells. In addition, IFNγ increases the number of neuroblasts generated without shifting glial fate determination. The final result is deficient recruitment of newborn neurons to the olfactory bulb (OB), indicating that IFNγ-induced stimulation of neuronal differentiation does not compensate for its antiproliferative effect. We conclude that IFNγ signaling via STAT1 in the SVZ acts dually as an antiproliferative and proneurogenic factor, and thereby regulates neurogenesis in normal adult brains. ; This work was supported by the Marató TV3, and a Mapfre foundation award to EP, and Spanish Ministry of Economy MINECO (SAF2014-56279-R) to AMP. Also EP was a researcher in the Spanish government's Ramón y Cajal program (MICINN-Spain) ; Peer Reviewed

This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License.-- et al. ; Ischemic stroke is an acute vascular event that obstructs blood supply to the brain, producing irreversible damage that affects neurons but also glial and brain vessel cells. Immediately after the stroke, the ischemic tissue produces nitric oxide (NO) to recover blood perfusion but also produces superoxide anion. These compounds interact, producing peroxynitrite, which irreversibly nitrates protein tyrosines. The present study measured NO production in a human neuroblastoma (SH-SY5Y), a murine glial (BV2), a human endothelial cell line (HUVEC), and in primary cultures of human cerebral myocytes (HC-VSMCs) after experimental ischemia in vitro. Neuronal, endothelial, and inducible NO synthase (NOS) expression was also studied up to 24 h after ischemia, showing a different time course depending on the NOS type and the cells studied. Finally, we carried out cell viability experiments on SH-SY5Y cells with H2O2, a prooxidant agent, and with a NO donor to mimic ischemic conditions. We found that both compounds were highly toxic when they interacted, producing peroxynitrite. We obtained similar results when all cells were challenged with peroxynitrite. Our data suggest that peroxynitrite induces cell death and is a very harmful agent in brain ischemia. © 2013 Marta Tajes et al. ; This work was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (SAF2012-38140; SAF 2009-10365); Fondo de Investigación Sanitaria (PI10/00587; FIS CP04-00112, FIS PS09/00664 and Red HERACLES RD12/0042/0014, RD12/0042/0016 and RD12/0042/0020); FEDER Funds; Generalitat de Catalunya (SGR05-266); and Fundació la Marató de TV3 (100310). Miguel A. Valverde is the recipient of an ICREA Academia Award. Dr. Ana M. Galán belongs to the Miguel Servet stabilization program of the Spanish Government's ISCIII research institute and "Direcció d'Estratègia i Coordinació del Departament de Salut" of the Generalitat de Catalunya. ; Peer Reviewed

El pdf del artículo es la versión pre-print.-- et al. ; Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a devastating age-related neurodegenerative disease. Age is the main risk factor for sporadic AD, which is the most prevalent type. Amyloid-β peptide (Aβ) neurotoxicity is the proposed first step in a cascade of deleterious events leading to AD pathology and dementia. Glial cells play an important role in these changes. Astrocytes provide vital support to neurons and modulate functional synapses. Therefore, the toxic effects of Aβ on astrocytes might promote neurodegenerative changes that lead to AD. Aging reduces astrocyte antioxidant defenses and induces oxidative stress. We studied the effects of Aβ {42} on cultures of human astrocytes in the presence or absence of the following pro-oxidant agents: buthionine sulfoximine (BSO), a glutathione synthesis inhibitor, and FeSO{4}, which liberates redox active iron. Pro-oxidant conditions potentiated Aβ toxicity, as shown by the generation of free radicals, inflammatory changes, and apoptosis. Similar treatments were assessed in rats in vivo. A combination of Aβ {40} and Aβ {42} or Aβ {42} alone was infused intracerebroventricularly for 4 weeks. Other animal groups were also infused with BSO and FeSO{4}. A long-term analysis that ended 4 months later showed greater cognitive impairment in the Morris water maze task, which was induced by Aβ plus pro-oxidant agent treatments. Pro-oxidant agents also potentiated brain tissue pathology. This was demonstrated in histological studies that showed highly increased astrocyte reactivity in AD-vulnerable areas, Aβ deposits, and oxidative damage of AD-sensitive hippocampal neurons. To increase our understanding of AD, experimental models should be used that mimic age-related brain changes, in which age-related oxidative stress potentiates the effects of Aβ. © 2010 - IOS Press and the authors. ; This study was supported by grants SAF200613092-C02-02 from the Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación, RD06/0013/1004 (RETICEF) from the Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 062931 from Fundació La Marató de TV3 and by the European Network of Excellence DiMI (LSHB-CT-2005-512146). S. García-Matas received a Generalitat (Autonomous Government of Catalonia) fellowship. ; Peer Reviewed

In this study, the second harmonic generation (SHG) response to polarization and subsequent data analysis is used to discriminate, in the same image, different SHG source architectures with pixel resolution. This is demonstrated in a mammalian tissue containing both skeletal muscle and fibrilar collagen. The SHG intensity variation with the input polarization (PSHG) is fitted pixel by pixel in the image using an algorithm based on a generalized biophysical model. The analysis provides the effective orientation, θe, of the different SHG active structures (harmonophores) at every pixel. This results in a new image in which collagen and muscle are clearly differentiated. In order to quantify the SHG response, the distribution of θe for every harmonophore is obtained. We found that for collagen, the distribution was centered at θe = 42.7° with a full width at half maximum of ∆θ = 5.9° while for muscle θe = 65.3°, with ∆θ = 7.7°. By comparing these distributions, a quantitative measurement of the discrimination procedure is provided. ; This work is supported by the Generalitat de Catalunya and by the Spanish government grant TEC2006-12654 SICO. Authors also acknowledge The Centre for Innovacio i Desenvolupament Empresarial-CIDEM (RDITSCON07-1-0006), Grupo Ferrer and the European Regional Development Fund. This research has been partially supported by Fundació Cellex Barcelona. ; Peer reviewed