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AbstractThe mean Gini approach to analysing risky investments has attracted recent interest. This research analyses the empirical properties of this new efficiency criterion relative to the mean variance criterion, the mean semivariance criterion, and the second degree stochastic dominance (SSD) criterion. Results indicate that the mean Gini approach is clearly the superior efficiency criterion because it produces the smallest efficient sets, exhibits perfect consistency with the SSD efficient set and with other efficient sets, excludes SSD efficient funds of lower average return and higher average risk, and exhibits the most predictive ability.RésuméL'approche "moyenne‐coejficient Gini" permettant V analyse de placements risqués a récemment suscité de l'intérêt dans la littérature financière. Cette étude examine les propriétés empiriques de ce nouveau critère de sélection qui permet de séparer les placements efficients de ceux qui sont inefficients. L'auteur le compare aux critères habituels de "moyenne‐variance", de "moyenne‐semivariance", et de "dominance stochastique au 2e degré". Les résultats montrent que le critère "moyenne‐Gini" est nettement supérieur parce qu'il: (1) génère les plus petits ensembles efficients; (2) affiche une parfaite correspondance avec l'ensemble efficient génère selon le critère de la dominance stochastique au 2e degré; (3) affiche aussi une parfaite correspondance avec les autres ensembles efficients; (4) exclut lesfonds d'investissement qui sont efficients selon la dominance stochastique au 2e degré, mais qui ont un rendement moyen plus faible ainsi qu'un risque moyen plus élevé; (5) affiche la meilleure capacité de prédiction.

Abstract1986–87 data for eighty hospitals in Ontario and their foundations are used to assess the influence of various socioeconomic characteristics of the constituent populations and selected characteristics of the beneficiary hospitals on foundation revenue. Six factors appear to increase hospital foundation revenue: a higher percentage of the population that is elderly, a lower percentage of the population born outside Canada, a higher percentage of the population that has not moved within the past year, a larger hospital market share, teaching‐status for the beneficiary hospital, and a higher level of foundation expenses.

High levels of uncompensated care impact hospital profitability and may create challenges for rural hospitals at financial risk of closure. We explore 2019 hospital uncompensated care as a percentage of operating expenses and draw comparisons at a state level by Medicaid expansion status and rural classification. We further compare uncompensated care in 2019 to 2014 in rural hospitals by Medicaid expansion implementation timing. We found that, overall, rural hospitals had more uncompensated care than urban hospitals in 2019 (3.81% vs. 3.12%), but there was a larger difference by expansion status (expansion states: 2.55% vs. non-expansion states: 6.28%). In all but seven states, rural hospitals reported higher uncompensated care than urban, and the 14 states with the highest uncompensated care had not expanded Medicaid. We observed that rural hospital uncompensated care in non-expansion states increased between 2014 and 2019, while the most dramatic decrease occurred in late-expansion states.

This study aims to establish a sociodemographic and personality profile of Canadians who donate internationally, fills the gap in the literature with regard to individual-level determinants of international giving, and compares these determinants with those of domestic donors. Women, volunteers, and individuals of non-Canadian origin, with higher income, higher education, higher level of religiosity, higher political awareness and participation, and higher frequency of extended family participation were more likely to contribute internationally. Higher education and a higher level of religiosity seem to influence international giving more than they did domestic giving. In terms of the variations in amount of international donations the important determinants are income, education, level of religiosity, and feeling of financial security. These results suggest that international charities should probably target their efforts at more-educated, higher-income and more-religious individuals. The other target donors are volunteers, women, individuals of non-Canadian origin, and politically aware and socially involved individuals.

"The 33 cases in this book explore financial management and accounting in a variety of healthcare settings. Providing relevant background details, each case presents a financial management decision or challenge for students to analyze and then recommend an appropriate course of action."

Growing interest in pay-for-performance and the level of chief executive officers' (CEOs') pay raises questions about the link between performance and compensation in the health sector. This study compares the compensation of nonprofit hospital CEOs in Ontario, Canada to the three longest reported and most used measures of hospital financial performance. Our sample consisted of 132 CEOs from 92 hospitals between 1999 and 2006. Unbalanced panel data were analyzed using fixed effects regression. Results suggest that CEO compensation was largely unrelated to hospital financial performance. Inflation-adjusted salaries appeared to increase over time independent of hospital performance, and hospital size was positively correlated with CEO compensation. The apparent upward trend in salary despite some declines in financial performance challenges the fundamental assumption underlying this article, that is, financial performance is likely linked to CEO compensation in Ontario. Further research is needed to understand long-term performance related to compensation incentives.

This study assesses whether California's minimum nurse staffing legislation affected the amount of uncompensated care provided by California hospitals. Using data from California's Office of Statewide Health Planning and Development, the American Hospital Association Annual Survey and InterStudy, the authors divide hospitals into quartiles based on preregulation staffing levels. Controlling for other factors, they estimate changes in the growth rate of uncompensated care in the three lowest staffing quartiles relative to the quartile of hospitals with the highest staffing level. The sample includes short-term general hospitals over the period 1999 to 2006. The authors find that growth rates in uncompensated care are lower in the first three staffing quartiles as compared with the highest quartile; however, results are statistically significant only for county and for-profit hospitals in Quartiles 1 and 3. The authors conclude that minimum nurse staffing ratios may lead some hospitals to limit uncompensated care, likely due to increased financial pressure.

This study assesses whether California's minimum nurse staffing legislation affected the amount of uncompensated care provided by California hospitals. Using data from California's Office of Statewide Health Planning and Development, the American Hospital Association Annual Survey and InterStudy, we divide hospitals into quartiles based on pre-regulation staffing levels. Controlling for other factors, we estimate changes in the growth rate of uncompensated care in the three lowest staffing quartiles relative to the quartile of hospitals with the highest staffing level. Our sample includes short-term general hospitals over the period 1999 to 2006. We find that growth rates in uncompensated care are lower in the first three staffing quartiles as compared to the highest quartile; however, results are statistically significant only for county and for-profit hospitals in quartiles one and three. We conclude that minimum nurse staffing ratios may lead some hospitals to limit uncompensated care, likely due to increased financial pressure.

This study assessed whether permanent supportive housing (PSH) participation is associated with health service use among a population of adults with disabilities, including people transitioning into PSH from community and institutional settings. Our primary data sources were 2014 to 2018 secondary data from a PSH program in North Carolina linked to Medicaid claims. We used propensity score weighting to estimate the average treatment effect on the treated of PSH participation. All models were stratified by whether individuals were in institutional or community settings prior to PSH. In weighted analyses, among individuals who were institutionalized prior to PSH, PSH participation was associated with greater hospitalizations and emergency department (ED) visits and fewer primary care visits during the follow-up period, compared with similar individuals who largely remained institutionalized. Individuals who entered PSH from community settings did not have significantly different health service use from similar comparison group members during the 12-month follow-up period.