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Denne artikel diskuterer, hvad der har muliggjort, at vi lever i en diagnosekultur. Diagnosekulturen er karakteriseret ved, at ikke alene fagpersoner (læger, psykologer, psykiatere osv.), men også lægmænd og den brede offentlighed mobiliserer psykiatriske diagnoser og kategorier som meningsgivende fortolkningsrammer for stort set alle former for lidelse og afvigelse. Spørgsmålet er, hvordan den logik har kunnet få samfundsmæssig fodfæste. I artiklen forklarer jeg, hvorledes overgangen fra en dynamisk til en diagnostisk funderet psykiatrioptik har banet en del af vejen for diagnosekulturens samfundsmæssige forankring. Men jeg argumenterer også for, at det perspektiv behøver at blive suppleret for at give et mere nuanceret billede af, hvorfor diagnosekulturen har kunnet internalisere sig i vores samtid. Som afsæt for den del af analysen benytter jeg mig af en sociologi om diagnoser – en forgrening af sociologien, hvis primære genstandsfelt er diagnoser – og hvad de kan fortælle os om forskelligartede sociale udviklinger, processer og ikke mindst den samtid, vi lever i. Nærmere bestemt benytter jeg mig af depressionsdiagnosens symptomer til at analysere og tydeliggøre, hvordan depressionsdiagnosen kan bruges som seismograf for samtiden. Pointen med denne tilgang er, at jeg dermed både kan bidrage til en forståelse af diagnosekulturens tilstedeværelse samt orientere om, hvilket ideelt selv samtiden efterstræber.


ENGELSK ABSTRACT:

Anders Petersen: Diagnostic Culture – Depression as a Seismograph for Contemporary Times

This article discusses the development of a diagnostic culture. A diagnostic culture is characterized by the fact that not only professionals (doctors, psychologists, psychiatrists, etc.), but also laymen and the general public use psychiatric diagnoses and categories for understanding psychiatric disorders. The question then is how this logic has been able to anchor itself in the overall nexus of society. In this article, I explain how the transition from dynamic to diagnostic psychiatry has paved part of the way for the societal anchoring of a diagnostic culture. I also argue that this perspective should be expanded in order to provide a more nuanced picture. To do that I employ diagnostic sociology – a branch of sociology whose primary subject is diagnoses and what they can tell us about diverse social developments, processes, and especially the contemporary epoch in which we live. I use symptoms of the contemporary diagnosis of depression to analyze and clarify how the diagnosis of depression can be seen as a seismograph of our current epoch. The article aims to contribute to a better understanding of the presences of the diagnostic culture as well as analyzing which type of ideal self that contemporary society strives to be.

Keywords: Diagnostic Culture, depression, self-realization, diagnosis of the times, sociology of diagnosis.

Denne artikel diskuterer, hvilket substantielt indhold nutidens fordring om autentisk selvrealisering forbindes med. Præmissen for artiklen er, at autentisk selvrealisering er blevet så væsentlig en del af samtidens kulturelle opsætning, at dets eksekvering blandt vestlige individer opfattes som et krav og som det højeste princip i nutidens livsførelse. Det forhold synes at have en afsmittende effekt på samtidens politikførelse, økonomiperception og relation til forståelsen af, hvad et arbejde er. Som analytisk forankringspunkt for denne begrebsudfyldning støtter jeg mig hovedsagelig til Luc Boltanski og Éve Chiapellos magnum opus Le Nouvel Esprit du Capitalisme (1999). Boltanski & Chiapellos værk giver nemlig en fremragende indgang til en anskuelse af nutidens autenticitetsforståelse som socialisationsbærende. Boltanski & Chiapellos forståelse af autenticitetsbegrebet i samtidens kapitalisme er nemlig ikke kun økonomisk determineret, men i høj grad socialt og kulturelt funderet. Derfor kan de ikke alene anskue kapitalismen som samfundsmæssig integrationskraft, men også analysere autentisk selvrealisering som forudsætning for normativ socialisation. Men deres autenticitetsforståelse mangler en analyse af de skyggesider, som begrebet kan siges at hjemsøges af. Artiklen viser derfor, hvordan samtidens autenticitetsforståelse kan opfattes som manifestation af et blidt barbari, hvis socialisationsbærende indhold også kan opfattes som indskrænkende, manipulerende og snævert ensidigt, med en række individuelle konsekvenser til følge.


ENGELSK ABSTRACT:

Anders Petersen: Authenticity in the New Spirit of Capitalism – Manifestation of Gentle Barbarity

Authentic self-realization has become a very well integrated part of western societies, that is, it has become a central marker of socialization. In this article I discuss the content of the concept of authentic self-realization. I attempt to describe this by following the work of Luc Boltanski & Ève Chiapello (1999), who developed the concept of authentic self-realization in the new spirit of capitalism as a key component of their analysis. By following their conceptualisation, I go on to discuss how active realization of the authentic self in the new spirit of capitalism is an institutionalized claim, which is expected to be converted into praxis. In their analysis, however, they do not pay sufficient attention to the numerous shady sides of this claim to authentic self-realization. In this article I point out what one might call the gentle barbarism of this claim, that is, the one-sided, deeply narrowing and manipulative character of the acclaimed content of authentic self-realization.

Key words: Authentic self-realization, socialization, new spirit of capitalism, gentle barbarism.

The coalition of the willing and the breakthrough of the welfare state : the political history of the Danish people's pension / Klaus Petersen & Jørn Henrik Petersen -- From Bismarck to the new pension orthodoxy : the historical development of the pension system in Hungary / Dorottya Szikra -- Women and the pensions system : the case of Britain / Pat Thane -- The "benefit formula" in Danish old age pensions / Jørn Henrik Petersen -- Proposals for introducing a public "basic pension" in germany : an issue for two centuries / Winfried Schmähl -- Pension reforms in Europe : convergence of old-age security systems? / Karl Hinrichs -- Pensions can be cut / Einar Overbye -- Increasing longevity and the welfare state / Torben M. Andersen -- The democratic deficit of pension reform : the case of Sweden / Urban Lundberg

It is often stated that there is no standard definition of a 'welfare state'. A survey of the standard textbooks supports this claim. It is also often the case that academic works on welfare state and social policy history earmark lines or even pages to discussing the origins of the term welfare state. However, these brief accounts are often wrong in the details and are missing important aspects. In our article we offer the first detailed study of the origin of the term 'welfare state' tracing it back to the mid-19th century Germany and following its diverse and changing definitions in the German and British context until the 1940s. The study adds decades to the conventional understanding of this history and offers a more nuanced understanding of the different definitions attributed to the term before its political breakthrough in the late 1940s. Projecting this post-war understanding backwards in time – what the literature generally does – is too simple and anachronistic. Both in Germany and Britain the dominating understandings differ from our present day understanding of the 'welfare state' as a social security system.

"This book engages with a radical critique of the modern state and the contemporary economic order: Alasdair MacIntyre's 'revolutionary Aristotelianism' project. Central to this critique is the idea that the moral norms that markets and states tend to reproduce or reinforce are an obstacle to the development of practical judgment The book outlines MacIntyre's theory of practical reason and discusses some of the institutional arrangements that can be derived from it. It also explores the growing body of literature which has started to examine the extent to which alternative forms of social organisation might be more compatible with MacIntyre's account of the virtues. This literature includes various proposals for alternative political and economic arrangements, ranging from certain forms of market socialism to the promotion of different forms of mutual and cooperative enterprises. Finally, the book offers an account of the type of institutional analysis required for the advancement of the revolutionary Aristotelianism project. This is achieved by showing how some key features of the Bloomington school of political economy are not only compatible with MacIntyre's political philosophy, but also that a synthesis between neo-Aristotelian moral philosophy and the work of the Bloomington school offers a robust alternative for revolutionary Aristotelians. Thus, the book defends the idea that MacIntyre's account of human flourishing is more likely to be realised, although imperfectly, in a polycentric social order. This book will be of interest to social scientists working in questions of political economy as well as political and moral philosophers"--

Die zwei ökonomischen Perspektiven im Nu verstehen Ganz egal ob Sie BWL oder VWL studieren, die mikro- und makroökonomische Perspektive der Ökonomie müssen Sie kennen und zugleich verstehen. Dieses Kurzlehrbuch hilft Ihnen dabei. Darin finden Sie das relevante Grundwissen der Mikro- und Makroökonomie - zahlreiche Aha-Erlebnisse sind Ihnen garantiert. Das Buch richtet sich an Studierende der Wirtschaftswissenschaften und -informatik. Es eignet sich zudem für all die Studierenden, die die ökonomische Denkweise verstehen möchten. Die espresso-Kurzlehrbücher bereiten ideal auf Studium, Vorlesung und Prüfung vor - die konzentrierte Dosis Wissen für Ihren Studienerfolg. Jeder Band wird von einem passenden eLearning-Kurs begleitet, der den Lernfortschritt kontinuierlich sichtbar macht.

Andreas Petersen verfolgt die historischen Linien des Unbewussten in Ost und West. Er beschreibt, wie die Tiefenpsychologie in der Sowjetunion zunächst gefördert und dann in den Dreißigerjahren des 20. Jahrhunderts vollständig verworfen wurde. Während es in Westeuropa nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg zu einem »psychological turn« kam, blieb das Unbewusste in Osteuropa offiziell tabu. Dies galt bis 1989 – mit Folgen bis in die Gegenwart