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Despite scores of studies that have shown that tracking and ability grouping perpetuate the academic achievement gap that exists in the United States, the practice continues. The reason for this persistence is a confluence of educational, social, and political factors. As tracking will continue as practice for the foreseeable future, research must help to identify the best and worst of tracking practices so that its negative effects are minimized and positive effects maximized. Oakes (2005) has identified five common elements of tracking policies and practices: extent, pervasiveness, flexibility, mobility, and locus of control. Of these elements, it is my contention that mobility is most important. A tracking system that does not allow for movement among tracks is not only morally unjust, but also unfit educational practice in a democratic country based on a capitalist, free-market economic system that aims to reward individual effort and accomplishment. This study analyzes the effect that mobility has on the achievement gap and post-secondary outcomes by examining a group of high school graduates and how their curricular mobility in high school affected their post-secondary plans. Results showed that there is no relationship between overall track mobility in high school and post-secondary outcome. There was, however, a significant association between negative mobility in English and post-secondary outcomes and a moderate association between negative mobility in math and those outcomes.

Today regarded as an important figure in the development of the field of study that is now known as criminology, William Douglas Morrison was one of the first scholars to attempt a systematic study of criminal behavior and to assess early theories about the origins of this type of social deviance. Crime and Its Causes is an engaging read for fans of true crime or those with an interest in the development of criminology

Intro -- Contents -- Illustrations -- Maps -- Acknowledgements -- Introduction -- 1. The Mounted Police -- 2. The Yukon: The Early Period -- 3. The Police and the Gold Rush -- 4. The Police as Civil Servants -- 5. The Police and Yukon Politics -- 6. North of the Arctic Circle -- 7. To Hudson Bay and the Eastern Arctic -- 8. Expanding Activities in the Mackenzie Delta -- 9. Hudson Bay -- 10. Patrols and Patrolling -- 11. The Police and the Native Peoples of the Northern Frontier -- 12. Ultima Thule -- 13. The End of the Frontier -- Appendix -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index -- A -- B -- C -- D -- E -- F -- G -- H -- I -- J -- K -- L -- M -- N -- O -- P -- R -- S -- T -- U -- V -- W -- Y -- Z.

Canada's airports are unique in the world as a system of private, no-share capital, not-for-profit organizations. This paper reviews the evolution Canada's airport system and airport policy over the last 30 years and provides an overview of airport performance including an assessment of the likely proceeds should the Canadian government decide to sell its eight largest airports to private investors. The review reveals an airport system with a heavy "user pay" orientation that has become reliant on "airport improvement fees" charged to passengers, over and above regular aeronautical charges, in order to finance the substantial investments in infrastructure made by airport authorities. The paper highlights criticisms of the current airport system that have endured for over 20 years and shows how recent recommendations to sell our airports to private investors reveals an underlying tension regarding whether airports should be regarded as "spark plugs" that create wider economic benefits or "toll booths" that generate government revenues. The paper argues that a viable alternative to selling off airports to private investors is to reintroduce legislation first introduced in 2003 and again in 2006, which, despite broad political support, never became law.

Francis Joseph Fitzgerald, veteran of 14 years' northern service with the North-West (later the Royal North-West) Mounted Police, and commander of the famous "Lost Patrol" of 1911, was born in Halifax on April 12th, 1869. In November 1888 he enlisted in the N.W.M.P. Except for a year's service in the Boer War as a sergeant with the Canadian Mounted Rifles, he spent the rest of his life with the Mounted Police, eventually rising to the rank of inspector. He served in the Yukon during the gold rush and was a member of the expedition of 1897-1898 that blazed an overland trail to the Yukon from Edmonton via Fort St. John, B.C., a journey that put Fitzgerald at the forefront of the force's most experienced men in northern patrolling. In 1903 Fitzgerald, then a sergeant, was picked as second-in-command of the government expedition sent to the Western Arctic to demonstrate Canadian sovereignty and halt the alleged mistreatment of the Inuit there by American whaling crews wintering at Herschel Island. . After several years in the North, Fitzgerald took an Inuit wife, Unalina, "after the fashion of the country." He wished to marry her, but his superior refused permission. Their daughter, Annie, crippled as a child, died in her teens at the mission school at Hay River. What brought Fitzgerald to the attention of the world was an episode arising out of his service in the Western Arctic. Beginning in 1904, a mid-winter patrol was sent from Dawson to Fort McPherson and return, a distance of about 800 km each way over a variety of routes long used by the Kutchin Indians, to carry mail and show the flag in the region. It was no light duty; the trail followed a complex of rivers and creeks and went over some mountainous terrain. There was little game in the mountains, and in the flat, wide treeless valleys, deeply covered in snow, it was easy for a novice to turn up a wrong creek; thus the patrol always took along an Indian guide. In 1905 Fitzgerald was a member of the patrol on the Dawson-Fort McPherson leg, but he had never been over the route the other way. . From the beginning the weather was bad. The snow was unusually heavy, making trail breaking difficult. Within a week the men were lost and found the trail only because they fell in with some Kutchin families, who set them right. Fitzgerald could have hired one of the Kutchin men as a guide, but did not - perhaps he did not want to admit he needed one. By January 2nd they had gone a third of the way and eaten nearly half their food. Then the weather got even worse; between the 3rd and the 9th of January the temperature averaged -46C, in strong wind. On the 12th they realized they were badly lost; Carter, the guide, could not find the landmarks. They had nine days' food left, and with luck could have made it to Dawson, fallen in with some Indians, or gone back to Fort McPherson. But Fitzgerald would not admit defeat and spent seven more days looking for the trail. It was not until January 18th, with their food almost gone, that they started back to McPherson. The weather continued foul. Snowstorms had covered their tracks, and on January 23rd the thermometer touched -53C on a windy day. By February 1st they had killed and eaten 8 of their 15 dogs. The last entry in Fitzgerald's diary was dated February 5th; on that day they were 115 km from Fort McPherson, but they had only five dogs left and were making only a few miles a day. The four men struggled on for another week. Between February 12th and 18th, 1911, all four died, three of starvation and one of suicide. On Fitzgerald's body was his will, scratched on paper with a piece of charcoal; it read: "All money in dispatch bag and bank, clothes, etc., I leave to my dearly beloved mother, Mrs. John Fitzgerald, Halifax. God bless all." . Fitzgerald succumbed to misfortune and bad judgement - a fatal combination in the North.

Includes index. ; Bibliography: p. 175-176. ; Mode of access: Internet.

Yukon History has its fair share of unique characters and fascinating events. Contemporary Yukoners talk about the colourful 5%,quirky individuals who have come to Canadas North to find or reinvent themselves. Northern literature is full of accounts of mad trappers, jilted lovers, miners driven mad by cabin fever, sub-Arctic desperados and victims of racial tensions. In reality, the passions and angers that drove people to murder in the Yukon were more basic and common than popular culture suggests. Strange Things Done explores the inner dynamics of Yukon society through the exploration of these extraordinary events.