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Abstract: Literature describes Walther Schücking (1875–1935) as an 'outsider' in the 'conservative academic milieu' of his lifetime, and advocate for the lex ferenda or 'future lawyer'. With his writings on the 'organisational pacifism', Schücking advocated a new system to regulate State sovereignty through international law, and he soon came into opposition to the 'almost canonical' positivist legal understanding of his colleagues. Though Schücking served as the first German judge at the Permanent International Court of Justice in The Hague, was one of the six delegates to negotiate the Treaty of Versailles on behalf of the German government, and a politician committed to the young Weimar Republic, he at times fell into obscurity. Nevertheless, academic literature has covered the life and work of the pacifist, politician, scholar, and judge Walther Schücking in great detail. What is less-noticed, though, is Schücking's patriotism. Many contemporaries at the time were confused or even signalled incomprehension at how Schücking combined 'his pacifist world views with the demands of national politics', and how Schücking stood up for the protection of 'Reichsinteressen' ('Reich's interests') after the First World War. This paper analyses Schücking's patriotic stance, and how he integrated his understanding of patriotism into his pacifistic engagement and thinking. It will conclude that, for Schücking, there was no contradiction between his pacifism and patriotic engagement, and that he was far from following the path of patriotic radicalization. However, some critical remarks can be made about the 'enlightened "true" patriotism' claimed by many pacifists.

Kurzfassung
Die Arktis-Politiken Chinas, der Europäischen Union und Deutschlands sind nahezu identisch. Alle Akteure bekunden ein Interesse an der Erforschung und Nutzbarmachung der Arktis und die Vorstellungen zur internationalen Regelung arktischer Angelegenheiten gleichen sich. Trotz dieser verbindenden Elemente ist aber eine politische Konkurrenz zu beobachten. Vieles spricht dafür, dass es sich hierbei um einen friedlichen Wettbewerb um Einfluss und Teilhabe handelt. Prognosen über einen zukünftigen Krisenherd und eine "arktische Bonanza" dürften übertrieben sein.

Kurzfassung:
Das 2016 abgeschlossene, von den Philippinen initiierte Schiedsverfahren zur Südchinesischen See hat dazu geführt, dass weitgehend alle maritimen Ansprüche Chinas als rechtlich unwirksam erklärt worden sind. Auch die Aufschüttung künstlicher Inseln durch China wurde als widerrechtlich bezeichnet. China hat verbal sehr scharf darauf reagiert und die Zuständigkeit und Unabhängigkeit des Schiedsgerichtes bezweifelt. Diese Reaktionen muss man noch als relativ zurückhaltend bewerten, denn außer verbalen Attacken hat China im Gegensatz zu vielen Erwartungen wenig unternommen.

Das 2016 abgeschlossene, von den Philippinen initiierte Schiedsverfahren zur Südchinesischen See hat dazu geführt, dass weitgehend alle maritimen Ansprüche Chinas als rechtlich unwirksam erklärt worden sind. Auch die Aufschüttung künstlicher Inseln durch China wurde als widerrechtlich bezeichnet. China hat verbal sehr scharf darauf reagiert und die Zuständigkeit und Unabhängigkeit des Schiedsgerichtes bezweifelt. Diese Reaktionen muss man noch als relativ zurückhaltend bewerten, denn außer verbalen Attacken hat China im Gegensatz zu vielen Erwartungen wenig unternommen.

AbstractGiven the drastic changes in the environment, resilience is a key focus of ecosystem management. Yet, the quantification of the different dimensions of resilience remains challenging, particularly for long-lived systems such as forests. Here we present an analytical framework to study the economic resilience of different forest management systems, focusing on the rate of economic recovery after severe disturbance. Our framework quantifies the post-disturbance gain in the present value of a forest relative to a benchmark system as an indicator of economic resilience. Forest values and silvicultural interventions were determined endogenously from an optimization model and account for risks affecting tree survival. We consider the effects of differences in forest structure and tree growth post disturbance on economic resilience. We demonstrate our approach by comparing the economic resilience of continuous cover forestry against a clear fell system for typical conditions in Central Europe. Continuous cover forestry had both higher economic return and higher economic resilience than the clear fell system. The economic recovery from disturbance in the continuous cover system was between 18.2 and 51.5% faster than in the clear fell system, resulting in present value gains of between 1733 and 4535 € ha−1. The advantage of the continuous cover system increased with discount rate and stand age, and was driven by differences in both stand structure and economic return. We conclude that continuous cover systems can help to address the economic impacts of increasing disturbances in forest management.

Lemos, P. et al. ; Quantifying tensions – inconsistencies amongst measurements of cosmological parameters by different experiments – has emerged as a crucial part of modern cosmological data analysis. Statistically significant tensions between two experiments or cosmological probes may indicate new physics extending beyond the standard cosmological model and need to be promptly identified. We apply several tension estimators proposed in the literature to the dark energy survey (DES) large-scale structure measurement and Planck cosmic microwave background data. We first evaluate the responsiveness of these metrics to an input tension artificially introduced between the two, using synthetic DES data. We then apply the metrics to the comparison of Planck and actual DES Year 1 data. We find that the parameter differences, Eigentension, and Suspiciousness metrics all yield similar results on both simulated and real data, while the Bayes ratio is inconsistent with the rest due to its dependence on the prior volume. Using these metrics, we calculate the tension between DES Year 1 3 × 2pt and Planck, finding the surveys to be in ∼2.3σ tension under the ΔCDM paradigm. This suite of metrics provides a toolset for robustly testing tensions in the DES Year 3 data and beyond. ; The DES data management system is supported by the National Science Foundation under grant numbers AST-1138766 and AST-1536171. The DES participants from Spanish institutions are partially supported by Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (MICINN) under grants ESP2017-89838, PGC2018-094773, PGC2018-102021, SEV-2016-0588, SEV-2016-0597, and MDM-2015-0509, some of which include ERDF funds from the European Union. IFAE is partially funded by the Centres de Recerca de Catalunya (CERCA) program of the Generalitat de Catalunya. Research leading to these results has received funding from the European Research Council under the European Union's Seventh Framework Program (FP7/2007-2013) including ERC grant agreements 240672, 291329, and 306478. We acknowledge support from the Brazilian Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia (INCT) do e-Universo (CNPq grant 465376/2014-2). This manuscript has been authored by Fermi Research Alliance, LLC under Contract No. DE-AC02-07CH11359 with the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of High Energy Physics.