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The dominant model of power in Marxist theory contains a number of problematic assumptions. These include: (1) the assumption of objective class interests; (2) the assumption that classes are collective social actors; (3) the assumption that classes have a political "consciousness;" and (4) the assumption that the state is the locus of class power. The central error which underlies these four assumptions of the dominant model is a confusion of the theoretical levels of agency and structure in Marxist theory. The uncritical acceptance of these assumptions has been harmful to the development of Marxist theory and political practice.

Marx's works mark an interesting anticipation of many of the themes later developed by General Systems Theory. Three of these themes are discussed: (1) Marx's conceptualization of the mode of production as a theoretical system composed of interdependent elements, (2) his analysis of the cycles of interdependence of these elements within the system, & (3) his analysis of social change through an endogenous process of immanent system & class contradiction. These theoretical developments remain of contemporary relevance. 1 Figure. AA.

The role of circular labor migration in the São Paulo sugar industry's labor process is documented using origin and destination level data. Examination of origin-level data from the Jequitinhonha Valley of Minas Gerais and a review of the historical development of the São Paulo sugar industry demonstrate the special conditions that contribute to this seasonal and highly repetitive flow of manpower. These data also help explain the prevalence of piece-rate wages in the cane-fields and the persistence of a well-developed labor brokerage system. Results show how a combination of structural conditions and employer and worker preferences combine to perpetuate a system of extreme worker exploitation and poverty.