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El objetivo de este artículo es adentrarse en las complejidades del cambio económico y social desde una perspectiva global, dando énfasis a la región de América Latina y el Caribe (ALC). La literatura especializada en este campo ha reconocido la importancia del cambio institucional como factor esencial en la explicación del crecimiento económico de largo plazo. No obstante, su narrativa no ha incorporado plenamente la relevancia de la interdependencia desde una perspectiva dinámica, que es una parte integral del cambio social, económico e institucional en el corto, mediano y largo plazo. El artículo intenta dar luz sobre aspectos y factores centrales en este ámbito, a partir de un enfoque multidimensional en donde la relación entre violencia criminal, instituciones e interdependencia es un factor clave. Para ello, se ofrece un marco analítico adecuado a esta lógica, así como un análisis empírico del impacto de la delincuencia y la violencia criminal en la dinámica de crecimiento per cápita de la economía global, subrayando el caso de ALC en el período 1990-2010.

This paper provides a broad overview of the issue of rising inequality and builds an international and multidimensional taxonomy of economic inequality. We use a hierarchical cluster analysis that enables us to identify five groups of countries with distinctive economic inequality characteristics, which show that, despite national and regional specificities, both developed and developing countries face important difficulties in reducing social and economic disparities. The resulting classification may be useful to map out the various national realities of economic inequality across countries. The results suggest that there should be avoided a "one size fits all" international strategy to address the different patterns of inequality that we have identified across the World. Still, it is crucial to acknowledge the importance of the particularities of each cluster and each geographic region regarding a complex and multidimensional phenomenon that has become a global challenge for the 21st Century

This article aims to analyze the challenges posed by the illicit financial flows (IFFs) that emerged from the consolidation and globalization of financial markets and the persistent and rising inequality of wealth and income. In a first step, we show the key dimensions behind IFFs (governance, trade, finance, taxation, monetary), which affect the multilateral order and promote new relations of dependence between the Global North and the Global South. In a second step, we analyze the cartographic representation of the developing world regarding the challenges posed by IFFs. We argue that IFFs are a subproduct of inefficient international policies and multilateral regulatory frameworks that have decreased the scope of action of nation-states and reduced the incentives for them to cooperate in certain areas of financial markets and global governance, such as international cooperation on tax and IFFs. In the article, we examine the multidimensionality of IFFs through multivariate techniques: More specifically, we use factor and cluster analysis methods based on the most recent information available between 2015 and 2020. Factor analysis reveals four main components behind this global problem: governance issues, foreign direct investment and trade-related issues, bank stability, and taxation. A clustering hierarchical solution provides four clusters of developing countries, in terms of phantom investment and trade misinvoicing, revealing the heterogeneous composition and shortcomings of the Global South. These results help understand the complexities behind IFFs and highlight the relevance of tailored actions to promote a more effective global governance system.