Search results

This work was funded by projects AGL2015-67995-C3-2-R (Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation), P11-CTS-7625 (Andalusian Regional Government Council of Innovation and Science) and RTI2018-096724-B-C22 (Ministry of science, Innovation and Universities). The author Leyva-Jimenez gratefully acknowledges the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (MINECO) for the FPI grant BES-2016-076618 given to develop this work. ; Phytochemicals from Lippia citriodora leaves were extracted by applying an innovative technology based on the use of microwaves, which represents an alternative method to extract bioactive substances. The obtained extract was incorporated into phospholipid vesicles in order to promote the antioxidant effect of the bioactive molecules present in L. citriodora extract. The extract was analyzed by High Performance Liquid Chromatography coupled to Time-Of-Flight mass spectrometer by electrospray (HPLC-ESI-TOF-MS) and different phytochemicals were detected and quantified. The whole extract was incorporated in liposomes, glycerosomes (liposomes modified with glycerol) and propylene glycol-containing vesicles (PG-PEVs). Moreover, a biopolymer obtained from fish by-product, that is Thunnus albacares skin, was added to improve the bioactivity of the formulations. The in vitro biocompatibility and the antioxidant efficacy of the extract in solution or loaded in the vesicles were tested in primary mouse embryonic fibroblasts (3T3). The results showed the superior bioactivity of the vesicle formulations over the aqueous solution of the extract, which points to an interesting strategy for the treatment of skin disorders. ; This APC was partially funded by RTI2018-096724-B-C22 (Ministry of science, Innovation and Universities).

Posidonia oceanica waste biomass has been valorised to produce extracts by means of different methodologies and their bioactive properties have been evaluated. Water-based extracts were produced using ultrasound-assisted and hot water methods and classified according to their ethanol-affinity (E1: ethanol soluble; E2: non-soluble). Moreover, a conventional protocol with organic solvents was applied, yielding E3 extracts. Compositional and structural characterization confirmed that while E1 and E3 extracts were mainly composed of minerals and lipids, respectively, E2 extracts were a mixture of minerals, proteins and carbohydrates. All the extracts showed remarkably high antioxidant capacity, which was not only related to phenolic compounds but also to the presence of proteins and polysaccharides. All E2 and E3 extracts inhibited the growth of several foodborne fungi, while only E3 extracts decreased substantially the infectivity of feline calicivirus and murine norovirus. These results show the potential of P. oceanica waste biomass for the production of bioactive extracts. ; This work was financially supported by the project GV/2018//149, the "Agencia Estatal de Investigación" and cofunded by the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (ERA-Net SUSFOOD2). Marta Martinez-Sanz is recipient of a Juan de la Cierva (IJCI-2015-23389) contract from the Spanish Ministry of Economy, Industry and Competitiveness.

et al. ; Rosemary extracts have exhibited potential cytostatic or cytotoxic effects in several cancer cell models but their bioactive compounds are yet to be discovered. In this work, the anticancer activity of a rosemary-leaf extract and its fractions were assayed to identify the phenolic compounds responsible for their antiproliferative/cytotoxic effects on a panel of human colon cancer cell lines. Bioguided fractionation of the rosemary-leaf extract was achieved by semi-preparative chromatography. The rosemary extract and the compounds in the fractions were characterized and quantified by HPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS. Cellular viability in the presence of these fractions and the whole extract was determined after 24 or 48¿h incubations by using an MTT assay. Fractions containing diterpenes or triterpenes were the most active but not as much as the whole extract. In conclusion, carnosic acid, carnosol, 12-methoxycarnosic acid, taxodione, hinokione and betulinic acid were the putative candidates that contributed to the observed antiproliferative activity of rosemary in human colon cancer cells. Whether the effects of the extract and fractions are only cytostatic or cytotoxic needs to be elucidated. Nevertheless, the comparative antiproliferative study on the fractions and whole extract revealed potential synergistic effects between several components in the extract that may deserve further attention. ; This work was supported by projects AGL2011-29857-C03-02 and AGL2011-29857-C03-03 (Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation), in addition to P10-FQM-6563 and P11-CTS-7625 (Andalusian Regional Government Council of Innovation and Science), PROMETEO/2012/007 and ACOMP/2013/093 (Generalitat Valenciana), and CIBER (CB12/03/30038, Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición, CIBERobn, Instituto de Salud Carlos III). The authors are grateful to the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation for grants FPU (AP2007-03246) and FPI (BES-2009-028128), and the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (MINECO) for the projects BFU2014-52433-C3-1-R, BFU2014-52433-C3-2-R and in association with the European Social Fund (FSE) for the contract PTQ-13-06429. ; Peer Reviewed

In this work a comparative study on phytochemical profiles of comfrey root extracts obtained by different extraction approaches has been carried out. Chemical profiles of extracts obtained by supercritical fluid (SFE), pressurized liquid (PLE), and conventional solid/liquid extraction were compared and discussed. Phytochemical composition was assessed by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray time-of-flight mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS) identifying 39 compounds reported for the first time in comfrey root, mainly phenolic acids and fatty acids. The influence of different extraction parameters on phytochemical profiles of S. offcinale root was investigated for all applied techniques. PLE and maceration, using alcohol-based solvents (aqueous methanol or ethanol), were shown to be more effcient in the recovery of more polar compounds. Greater numbers of phenolics were best extracted by PLE using 85% EtOH at 63 ºC. The use of SFE and 100% acetone for 30 min enabled good recoveries of nonpolar compounds. SFE using 15% EtOH as a cosolvent at 150 bar produced the best recoveries of a significant number of fatty acids. The main compositional differences between extracts obtained by different extraction techniques were assigned to the solvent type. Hence, these results provided comprehensive approaches for treating comfrey root enriched in different phytochemicals, thereby enhancing its bioaccessibility. ; This work was funded by the project financially supported by the Serbian Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development (TR 31014), the Andalusian Regional Government Council of Innovation and Science (P11-CTS-7625), the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (MINECO) (AGL2015-67995-C3-2, IJCI-2015-26789, and PTQ-13-06429), and the European Social Fund (FSE) (PTQ-13-06429).

Sclerocarya birrea is a tree indigenous to Southern Africa with significant importance in rural livelihoods for food, medicine, and carving. The bark, which contains 10–20% tannin, provides several pharmacological benefits as an antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, anti-atherogenic, and antioxidant medication, among others. This study compared different extraction techniques used to recover bioactive compounds from marula bark. For this purpose, solid–liquid extraction, supercritical fluid extraction (SFE), and pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) were performed under selected conditions, using only "food-grade" solvents. The potential use of the proposed extraction methodologies was evaluated in term of yield, and the individual phenolic composition determined by HPLC–ESI–TOF–MS. PLE provided a high extraction yield in all experimental conditions. With regard to bioactive compounds composition, a total of 71 compounds, a significant percentage of which in a galloyl form, were distributed in five major categories. The largest number of compounds, mostly flavonoid aglycones, were extracted by PLE, generally when the extraction was developed at low temperatures. SFE did prove effective as a way of extracting antidiabetic proanthocyanidins. Advanced extraction techniques represent a powerful tool to obtain bioactive compounds from S. birrea bark, which can be used as supplements or food ingredients, promoting the valorization of this crop. ; This work was supported by the project AGL2015-67995-C3-2-R (Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation) as well as P11-CTS-7625 (Andalusian Regional Government Council of Innovation and Science) and The European Social Fund (FSE) for the contract PTQ-13-06429.

This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License.-- This article belongs to the Special Issue Bioactive Phenolics and Polyphenols. ; The potential of by-products generated during extra-virgin olive oil (EVOO) filtration as a natural source of phenolic compounds (with demonstrated bioactivity) has been evaluated using pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) and considering mixtures of two GRAS (generally recognized as safe) solvents (ethanol and water) at temperatures ranging from 40 to 175 °C. The extracts were characterized by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled to diode array detection (DAD) and electrospray time-of-flight mass spectrometry (HPLC-DAD-ESI-TOF/MS) to determine the phenolic-composition of the filter cake. The best isolation procedure to extract the phenolic fraction from the filter cake was accomplished using ethanol and water (50:50, v/v) at 120 °C. The main phenolic compounds identified in the samples were characterized as phenolic alcohols or derivatives (hydroxytyrosol and its oxidation product), secoiridoids (decarboxymethylated and hydroxylated forms of oleuropein and ligstroside aglycones), flavones (luteolin and apigenin) and elenolic acid derivatives. The PLE extraction process can be applied to produce enriched extracts with applications as bioactive food ingredients, as well as nutraceuticals. ; We are grateful to the Spanish Ministry of Education and Science for Project AGL2011-29857-C03-02, to the Andalusian Regional Government Council of Innovation and Science for Project P11-CTS-7625 and to the GREIB.PT.2011.18 project. ; We acknowledge support by the CSIC Open Access Publication Initiative through its Unit of Information Resources for Research (URICI). ; Peer Reviewed

This research was funded by Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovacion y Universidades under the "Proyectos de I+D+i « RETOS INVESTIGACION »" (grant number RTI2018-096724-B-C22); and by Junta de Andalucia, under the "Proyectos I+D+i del Programa Operativo FEDER 2018" (grant number B-AGR-466-UGR18), the "Ayudas a proyectos de I+D+I de entidades privadas calificadas como agentes del sistema andaluz del conocimiento" (grant number PY18-RE-0033), the "Ayudas al funcionamiento de los Grupos operativos de la Asociacion Europea para la Innovacion (AEI) en materia de productividad y sostenibilidad agricolas en el sector del olivar, 2020" (grant number GOPOGR-20-0001), and, finally, the "Ayudas a los agentes publicos del Sistema Andaluz del Conocimiento, para la realizacion de proyectos de I+D+i" (grant number A-AGR-226-AGR20). ; Olive leaves, one of the most abundant olive production by-products, have shown incredible potential for their characteristic bioactive compound composition, with unique compounds such as the polyphenol oleuropein. In order to evaluate the bioaccessibility of bioactive compounds present in an olive leaf extract, samples were submitted to an in vitro digestion process following INFOGEST protocol, and qualitative and quantitative characterization of the original extract and digestive samples at different times were carried out using HPLC-ESI-TOF-MS. The analyzed extract presented an abundance of phenolic compounds, such as secoiridoids, with oleuropein being the main identified compound. The in vitro digestion process showed an effect on the phenolic profile of the extract, with a lower recovery in the gastric phase and an increase at the beginning of the intestinal phase. Most of the studied compounds showed high bioaccessibility at the end of the digestion, with oleuropein, ligstroside, and quercetin-3-O-galactoside being among the ones with higher value. These findings show the potential for future use of olive leaf polyphenols. However, further research is needed in order to evaluate the absorption, delivery, and interaction of these compounds with the colon. ; Spanish Government RTI2018-096724-B-C22 ; Junta de Andalucia B-AGR-466-UGR18 ; Ayudas a proyectos de I+D+I de entidades privadas calificadas como agentes del sistema andaluz del conocimiento PY18-RE-0033 ; Ayudas al funcionamiento de los Grupos operativos de la Asociacion Europea para la Innovacion (AEI) en materia de productividad y sostenibilidad agricolas en el sector del olivar, 2020 GOPOGR-20-0001 ; Ayudas a los agentes publicos del Sistema Andaluz del Conocimiento, para la realizacion de proyectos de I+D+i A-AGR-226-AGR20

[Introduction]: Olea europaea L. leaves may be considered a cheap, easily available natural source of phenolic compounds. In a previous study we evaluated the possibility of obtaining bioactive phenolic compounds from olive leaves by pressurised liquid extraction (PLE) for their use as natural anti-oxidants. The alimentary use of these kinds of extract makes comprehensive knowledge of their composition essential. [Objective]: To undertake a comprehensive characterisation of two olive-leaf extracts obtained by PLE using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray ionisation and quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS). [Method]: Olive leaves were extracted by PLE using ethanol and water as extraction solvents at 150°C and 200°C respectively. Separation was carried out in a HPLC system equipped with a C 18-column working in a gradient elution programme coupled to ESI-QTOF-MS operating in negative ion mode. [Results]: This analytical platform was able to detect 48 compounds and tentatively identify 31 different phenolic compounds in these extracts, including secoiridoids, simple phenols, flavonoids, cinnamic-acid derivatives and benzoic acids. Lucidumoside C was also identified for the first time in olive leaves. [Conclusion]: The coupling of HPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS led to the in-depth characterisation of the olive-leaf extracts on the basis of mass accuracy, true isotopic pattern and tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) spectra. We may conclude therefore that this analytical tool is very valuable in the study of phenolic compounds in plant matrices. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. ; This work was supported by the projects AGL2008-05108-C03-03/01 and AGL2011-29857-C03-02 of the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation; P09-CTS-4564, P10-FQM-6563 and P11-CTS-7625 of the Andalusian Regional Government Council of Innovation and Science, and GREIB.PT.2011.18. The authors are grateful to the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation for FPU grant AP2007-03246 and a 'Ramón y Cajal' research contract. ; Peer Reviewed

The olive oil industry produces large volumes of wastes, which are also potential sources of bioactive compounds by developing healthy and/or functional foods. Extraction of phenolic compounds from the residues of the olive oil is mainly carried out with solvents. However, there is currently a growing public awareness about the use of organic solvents in food processing, which has pointed out the need for the application of clean technologies such as pressurized liquid extraction (PLE). Therefore, the aim of this research was to optimize the phenolic compound extraction from olive pomace by PLE, establishing the qualitative and quantitative phenolic profile by HPLC-ESI-TOF/MS. The extraction design to recover phenolics from olive pomace demonstrates a great compositional variability of PLE extracts obtained under different experimental conditions. Indeed, quantitative results have pointed out the selectivity of PLE extraction when this technique is applied to the treatment of olive pomace. PLE-optimized conditions showed higher total phenolic compound content than conventional extraction (1659 mg/kg d.w. and 281.7 mg/kg d.w., respectively). Among these phenolics, the quantity of secoiridoids and flavonoids in the optimized PLE extract was three and four times higher than in conventional extracts. Furthermore, optimal PLE conditions allowed to obtain an enriched hydroxytyrosol extract which was not detected in the conventional one. ; This work was funded by projects AGL2015-67995-C3-2-R, RTI2018-096724-B-C22, and IJCI-2015-26789 (Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation), and P11-CTS-7625 and B-AGR-466-UGR18 (Andalusian Regional Government Council of Innovation and Science).

Phenolic compounds present in extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) could be retained in its byproducts during processing. Among them, hydroxytyrosol and its derivatives deserve special attention due to their health benefits recognized by The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). In the present research, the presence of these compounds in the filter cake byproduct was studied by combining pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) and high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to time-of-flight mass spectrometry (HPLC-TOF-MS). The applied optimum extraction parameters were 1500 psi, 120 ◦C and aqueous ethanol (50:50, v/v). The influence of different drying methods (vacuum-, freeze- and spray-drying) in the recovery of phenolic compounds was also evaluated. A total of 16 compounds from EVOO were identified in the extracts, 3 of them being hydroxytyrosol-related compounds, 6 substances of oleoside and elenolic acid derivatives, together with 6 secoiridoids and 1 lignan. The results highlighted the great number of phenolic compounds recovered from filter cake with these techniques, being even higher than the reported content in EVOO and other byproducts. The combination of PLE and freeze-drying resulted in being the best procedure for the recovery of phenolic compounds from filter cake byproduct ; Junta de Andalucía, Andalucian Government, Spain (B–AGR– 466–UGR18)

Epidemiological studies have reported convincing evidence that natural dietary compounds may modify inflammation, it being an important event described in the pathophysiology of age-related infirmity. Among different dietary components, nutritional phenolics have demonstrated links to a lower risk of inflammation in the most common degenerative and chronic diseases. In this way, the healthy potential of phenolics against inflammation and the emergence of new functional ingredients have caused an enhancement of nutraceutical and functional food formulation. The present review focuses on: (a) nutritional phenolics and their effects on inflammation and (b) functional ingredients based on phenolic compounds with anti-inflammatory properties. Furthermore, the emerging interest in health-promoting products by consumers has caused an increase in the demand for functional products and nutraceuticals. Additionally, this review includes a case study of the Lippia genus, which has shown anti-inflammatory effects claiming to be a natural alternative for the management of this physiological disorder. This report is a practical tool for healthcare providers. ; This work was funded by projects AGL2015-67995-C3-2-R and IJCI2015-26789 (Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation), P11-CTS-7625 (Andalusian Regional Government Council of Innovation and Science) and RTI2018-096724-B-C22 (Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities). The author Leyva-Jimenez gratefully acknowledges the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (MINECO) for the FPI grant BES-2016-076618 given to develop this work.

The following are available online at https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3921/8/8/324/s1, Figure S1. UV chromatograms at 280 nm and MS spectra for (A) peak 5 and (B) peak 28; Figure S2. Base peak chromatograms of the collected fractions from a commercial lemon verbena extract (PLX®10) and MS spectra of their major compound, including the peak numbers of Table 1; Table S1. In vitro antioxidant activity by FRAP, TEAC and ORAC assays for the commercial lemon verbena extract (PLX®10) and its collected fractions, expressed as the mean of three independent replicates ± the standard deviation. ; Over the last few years, people have been concerned about the narrow relationship between nutrition and health leading to an increasing demand of nutraceutical products and functional food. Lemon verbena (Lippia citriodora Kunth) has been traditionally used for respiratory, digestive, and muscular diseases, showing effects that are promoted by the antioxidant activity of its phytoconstituents. The antioxidant power of several lemon verbena extracts has been tested but its isolated compounds activity has not been described. The aim of the present work was to isolate phytochemicals from a commercial lemon verbena extract through a semi-preparative high-performance liquid chromatography approach for further evaluation of its individual antioxidant activity using three different methods. The structure-antioxidant activity relationships revealed the influence of substitutions in the strong antioxidant power exerted by glycosylated phenylpropanoids, in contrast to the low antioxidant capacity showed by iridoids. Development of enriched extracts in these compounds could lead to greater antioxidant effects and improved functional ingredients to prevent chronic diseases. ; This work was funded by projects AGL2015-67995-C3-2-R, RTI2018-096724-B-C21 and RTI2018-096724-B-C22 from Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness and P11-CTS-7625 from Andalusian Regional Government Council of Innovation and Science. We also thank projects and scholarships from the Generalitat Valenciana (PROMETEO/2016/006, ACIF/2016/230 and APOSTD/2017/023) and grant from CIBER (CB12/03/30038, Fisiopatologia de la Obesidad y la Nutricion, CIBERobn, Instituto de Salud Carlos III).

Phenolic compounds, which are secondary plant metabolites, are considered an integral part of the human diet. Physiological properties of dietary polyphenols have come to the attention in recent years. Especially, proanthocyanidins (ranging from dimers to decamers) have demonstrated potential interactions with biological systems, such as antiviral, antibacterial, molluscicidal, enzyme-inhibiting, antioxidant, and radical-scavenging properties. Agroindustry produces a considerable amount of phenolic-rich sources, and the ability of polyphenolic structures to interacts with other molecules in living organisms confers their beneficial properties. Cocoa wastes and grape seeds and skin byproducts are a source of several phenolic compounds, particularly mono-, oligo-, and polymeric proanthocyanidins. The aim of this work is to compare the phenolic composition of Theobroma cacao and Vitis vinifera grape seed extracts by high pressure liquid chromatography coupled to a quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometer and equipped with an electrospray ionization interface (HPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS) and its phenolic quantitation in order to evaluate the proanthocyanidin profile. The antioxidant capacity was measured by different methods, including electron transfer and hydrogen atom transfer-based mechanisms, and total phenolic and flavan-3-ol contents were carried out by Folin–Ciocalteu and Vanillin assays. In addition, to assess the anti-inflammatory capacity, the expression of MCP-1 in human umbilical vein endothelial cells was measured. ; This work was supported by the project AGL2011-29857-C03-02 and BFU2014-52433-C3-2-R (Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation), as well as P10-FQM-6563 and P11-CTS-7625 (Andalusian Regional Government Council of Innovation and Science). The author Isabel Borrás Linares acknowledges financial support from the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (MINECO) and the European Social Fund (FSE) for the contract PTQ-13-06429. Authors are also grateful to the Universitat Rovira I Virgili for the Martí I Franquès Grant 2016PMF-POST-02 awarded to Salvador Fernández-Arroyo.

Lippia citriodora has been demonstrated to have a wide variety of phytochemicals which provide benefits to human health acting as antioxidants or anti-obesogenics. In this study, these phytochemicals were recovered using a microwave-assisted technology and applying optimal conditions and microencapsulated using spray drying. In this study, two di erent carbohydrates, maltodextrin (MD) and inulin (IN), were compared as carriers in the encapsulation procedure. The spray drying process was optimized by using a response surface methodology (RSM) based on a central composite design 22, where air inlet temperature and the sample:encapsulating agent ratio (S:EA) were selected as independent variables. Both designs were analyzed equally to evaluate di erences between each carrying agent on polar compounds' encapsulation (process yield (Y%), encapsulation e ciency (EE%) and recovery of compounds (R%)) during the spray drying. The EE% and R% of each polar compound was monitored by High Performance Liquid Chromatography coupled to Time-of-Flight mass spectrometer by electrospray interface (HPLC-ESI-TOF-MS). The results showed that the use of IN as a carrier increased the powder recovered and the recovery of polar compounds after the spray dry process, whereas MD achieved a higher encapsulation efficiency. ; Spanish Government RTI2018-096724-B-C22

Posidonia oceanica waste biomass has been valorised to produce extracts by means of different methodologies and their bioactive properties have been evaluated. Water-based extracts were produced using ultrasound-assisted and hot water methods and classified according to their ethanol-affinity (E1: ethanol soluble; E2: non-soluble). Moreover, a conventional protocol with organic solvents was applied, yielding E3 extracts. Compositional and structural characterization confirmed that while E1 and E3 extracts were mainly composed of minerals and lipids, respectively, E2 extracts were a mixture of minerals, proteins and carbohydrates. All the extracts showed remarkably high antioxidant capacity, which was not only related to phenolic compounds but also to the presence of proteins and polysaccharides. All E2 and E3 extracts inhibited the growth of several foodborne fungi, while only E3 extracts decreased substantially the infectivity of feline calicivirus and murine norovirus. These results show the potential of P. oceanica waste biomass for the production of bioactive extracts. ; This work was financially supported by the project GV/2018//149, the "Agencia Estatal de Investigación" and cofunded by the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (ERA-Net SUSFOOD2). Marta Martinez-Sanz is recipient of a Juan de la Cierva (IJCI-2015-23389) contract from the Spanish Ministry of Economy, Industry and Competitiveness.