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The issue of Palestine is unique, and not only because it is part and parcel of the Middle East conflict and attempts to solve it. The study of the experience of the political institutionalization of the Arab Palestinian territories, of the structuring of Palestinian political processes, of the activities and split of the Palestinian National Authority, and of the record of the international community as the 'architect' of modern Palestine makes it possible to evaluate the roles of Palestinian domestic actors and political elites, understand internal and external factors in building new states in the Middle East, and assess the effectiveness of proposed systems of political organization. Here, Litvinova analyzes the political crisis of 2006 with the split within the PNA, and assesses effects of Palestine's receiving observer status at the United Nations in 2012. Adapted from the source document.

Main factors of the development of biosimilars market are their high efficiency, the availability of evidential base, a reasonable price compared to the original products, broad field of application, the social importance and increasing interest in these states and pharmaceutical companies for their production. The aim of the work is analysis of special aspects and main trends in development of patenting of technical solutions for the creation of biosimilars and their pharmacoeconomic evaluation. It has established that biosimilars meet the criteria of patentability are requiremented for inventions: novelty, inventive step, industrial applicability. The main objects of biosimilar patent are pharmaceutical composition, methods of producing the API, new dosage form, the methods of treatment, a new indication for known drugs, and others. Objects of the invention at biosimilar patenting are: increase in the yield of the desired product; simplification of method; reducing the time of the method; increasing purity of the target product; expanding resource base; increase stability, increase or enhancement of pharmacological activity, increased bioavailability, decreased toxicity of the desired product, improved consumer properties and others. It was characterized the strategy of legal protection of biosimilars by foreign applicants, including in Ukraine, Russian Federation, the European Union and United States. It was showed significant pharmacoeconomic benefits of biosimilars by domestic production (cost below 2.5 times) compared to the original drug. ; Среди основных факторов развития рынка биосимиляров выделяют их высокую эффективность, наличие доказательной базы, умеренную цену по сравнению с оригинальными продуктами, широкую сферу применения, социальную значимость и увеличение заинтересованности в них государства и фармацевтических компаний в их производстве. Целью работы явился анализ особенностей и основных тенденций развития патентования технических решений в сфере создания биосимиляров и их фармакоэкономическая оценка. Продемонстрировано, что биосимиляры соответствуют критериям патентоспособности, предъявляемым к изобретениям: новизна, изобретательский уровень, промышленная применимость. Основными объектами для патентования биосимиляров являются фармацевтическая композиция, способы получения АФИ, новый вид лекарственной формы, способы лечения, новое показание к применению известных лекарственных средств и др. Задачами изобретений при патентовании биосимиляров являются: повышение выхода целевого продукта, упрощение способа получения, сокращение времени реализации способа, повышение степени очистки целевого продукта, расширение сырьевой базы, повышение стабильности, увеличение фармакологической активности или расширение спектра действия, повышение биодоступности, снижение токсичности целевого продукта, улучшения потребительских свойств (удобство применения) и др. Охарактеризована стратегия правовой охраны биосимиляров иностранными заявителями, в том числе в Украине, России, Евросоюзе и США. Выявлены существенные фармакоэкономические преимущества биосимиляров отечественного производства (стоимость ниже в 2,5 раза) по сравнению с оригинальными лекарственными средствами.

M. Krzysiek et al. ; 8 págs.; 7 figs. ; 2 tabs. ; The γ decay from the high-lying states of Ce140 excited via inelastic scattering of O17 at a bombarding energy of 340 MeV was measured using the high-resolution AGATA-demonstrator array in coincidence with scattered ions detected in two segmented ΔE-E silicon detectors. Angular distributions of scattered ions and emitted γ rays were measured, as well as their differential cross sections. The excitation of 1- states below the neutron separation energy is similar to the one obtained in reactions with the α isoscalar probe. The comparison between the experimental differential cross sections and the corresponding predictions using the distorted-wave Born approximation allowed us to extract the isoscalar component of identified 1- pygmy states. For this analysis the form factor obtained by folding microscopically calculated transition densities and optical potentials was used. ©2016 American Physical Society ; This work has been partly supported by the stipend from Marian Smoluchowski Krakow Research Consortium 'Matter-Energy-Future' as a Leading National Research Center (KNOW) and also by several grants: the Polish National Science Centre under Contracts No. 2015/17/B/ST2/01534, No. 2013/09/N/ST2/04093, No. 2013/08/M/ST2/00591, and No. 2011/03/B/ST2/01894; US-NSF Grants No. PHY-1204486 and No. PHY-1404343; Croatian Science Foundation under Project No. IP-2014-09-9159; the Spanish Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad under Contract No. FPA2014-57196-C5-4-P. Also, A. Gadea has been supported by MINECO, Spain, under Grant No. FPA2014-57196-C5; Generalitat Valenciana, Spain, under Grant No. PROMETEOII/2014/019; and the EU under the FEDER program. The research leading to these results has also received funding from the European Union Seventh Framework Programme FP7/2007-2013 under Grant Agreement No. 262010 - ENSAR. ; Peer Reviewed