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Marino & Merskin's comprehensive review of cognitive complexity in sheep is a laudable and important contribution to comparative psychology. It is also valuable because it shows promising directions for future research on this neglected species. The relatively small number of neurons in the bovid cerebral cortex indicates that sheep cognitive performance on traditional measures of complex learning is limited. Nevertheless, the social and emotional complexity of sheep underscores the importance of further research into domains including personality and psychological well-being.

During the 2016 presidential primary season, both candidates Donald Trump and Bernie Sanders expressed concern that their party's nomination process hurt their chances of receiving their party's presidential nod. But to what extent do party nomination rules help or hinder candidates? In new research which examines how representative state delegations to the 2016 nominating conventions were, James King finds that the Democrats' use of superdelegates made these delegations less representative, hurting Bernie Sanders' chances of gaining the nomination. The Republicans' use of winner-take all primaries, on the other hand, benefited Donald Trump's aspirations for his party's nomination.

Mr. King, possibly James King of Charleston, South Carolina, writes to Alden Partridge in Middletown, Connecticut, regarding his sons, Richard and Hawkins King, who are students at the American, Literary, Scientific, and Military Academy in Middletown; he discusses payment for their expenses and Richard's arrival home. ; Transcription by Joseph Byrne. Transcriptions may be subject to error.

Sends his son, Richard T. King, to the Academy; also sends a bag of wool, hoping Partridge can get a better price; please apply the proceeds to his account; let him know how his son, Hawkins S. King, is doing with French. ; Both King brothers are listed in William Arba Ellis's History of Norwich as being from Toogoodoo, South Carolina. Perhaps from Toogoodoo Plantation. The letter is undated and no locations are provided.

Intro -- U.S. FOREIGN POLICY: BACKGROUND AND ISSUES -- U.S. FOREIGN POLICY: BACKGROUND AND ISSUES -- CONTENTS -- PREFACE -- Chapter 1 FOREIGN OREIGN AID REFORM , NATIONAL STRATEGY , AND THE QUADRENNIAL REVIEW -- SUMMARY -- INTRODUCTION -- INTEREST IN ELEVATING DIPLOMACY AND DEVELOPMENT -- Issues and Actions during the George W. Bush Administration -- Issues and Actions during the Obama Administration -- NATIONAL STRATEGY -- LEGISLATION ON FOREIGN AID REFORM -- THE QUADRENNIAL REVIEW -- Congressional Action -- Executive Branch Action -- QDDR Structure -- Timing of Report -- Initial Concerns -- THE PRESIDENTIAL STUDY DIRECTIVE ON U.S. GLOBAL DEVELOPMENT POLICY -- CONCLUSION -- End Notes -- Chapter 2 FOREIGN OREIGN AID : INTERNATIONAL DONOR COORDINATION DEVELOPMENT ASSISTANCE -- SUMMARY -- INTRODUCTION -- OVERVIEW OF OFFICIAL DEVELOPMENT ASSISTANCE -- WHY COORDINATE? -- INTERNATIONAL FRAMEWORK FOR DONOR COORDINATION -- Rome High Level Forum on Donor Harmonization -- Paris Declaration on Aid Effectiveness -- Accra Agenda for Action -- IMPLEMENTING DONOR COORDINATION -- Global Mechanisms -- Use of Multilateral Organizations -- Joint Assistance Strategies -- Data Sharing -- EXAMPLE: SECTOR BASED COORDINATION-HIV/AIDS -- U.S.-Specific Mechanisms for Donor Coordination -- USAID Guidance -- USAID Coordination Officers -- MCC and OGAC -- COORDINATION CHALLENGES -- Division of Labor -- Concerns about Direct Budget Support and Funding Pools -- Agency and Personnel Incentives -- Lack of Inter-agency Coordination -- Coordination Costs -- Conflicting Strategic Interests -- Working with Private and Emerging Donors -- APPENDIX. ODA DONORS AND PRIVATE FOUNDATIONS THAT PROVIDE ASSISTANCE TO DEVELOPING COUNTRIES -- End Notes -- Chapter 3 AFRICA: U.S. FOREIGN ASSISTANCE ISSUES -- SUMMARY -- U.S. AID TO AFRICA: AN OVERVIEW -- BACKGROUND -- U.S. Assistance Programs

Aluminium is the most abundant metal in the Earth's crust but, because aluminium was isolated experimentally only in 1827 and produced in commercial quantities only after 1886, its production and use is many times less than that of iron. However over twice as much aluminium is produced as copper and the annual percentage growth in its consumption between 1985 and 1998 at 2.8% is significantly greater than that of iron and steel. The aluminium industry provides an in-depth overview of the international aluminium trade at the turn of the millennium. Its clearly presented information, analysis and statistics bring the industry into sharp focus - from extraction and refining to applications, markets, prices and future trends. The aluminium industry is essential reading for:Professionals whose businesses participate in, supply or buy from any part of the aluminium industryThe finance community with investment interests in the metals or raw materials industriesEngineers needing an overview of the structure and commercial operation of the aluminium industryGovernment policy makers and all those needing an introduction to the industry or a training resource for new entrantsRead this guide and find out about:How the aluminium industry has developed from its earliest beginningsHow the key raw materials, bauxite and alumina are processedWhy technical trends are changing the production of aluminiumHow primary aluminium is pricedThe role of recycled aluminium metalHow demand is changing and the main applications for aluminium products today and in the futureThe organisation of international trade, industry corporate structures and the key issues that will determine the industry's future

AbstractMidterm congressional elections are referenda on the president not by happenstance but by design, as the opposition party and its candidates attack the administration when political conditions provide the opportunity. Models for explaining and predicting the number of seats won by the president's party incorporating the number of seats held before the election, prior election results, change in status of the economy, and presidential evaluation data conditioned by strategy of the opposition party are presented. These models improve upon traditional models of midterm election explanations and predictions, providing parsimonious, theory-driven, and accurate models of midterm election outcomes.

Party rules for determining allocation of delegates to the Democratic and Republican national conventions once again drew criticism in 2016. Analyses of the effects of various rules indicate that the inclusion of party leader and elected official delegates ("superdelegates") within the Democratic Party and use of winner-take-all primary elections by Republicans bias the representativeness of states' delegations to national conventions; neither the choice of primary election or caucuses nor of open or closed events affect representativeness. The choice of primary election or caucuses did affect vote percentages of candidates, but the choice of open or closed events had no effect on candidates' vote percentages in recent nominating contests. The basic conclusion is that the party rules that created biased, unrepresentative state delegations to national conventions and that benefited certain candidates in the 1980s continue to do so in the 21st century.

The Rowlands target article makes a case, based on John Locke's metaphysical argument, that personhood can be applied to many species beyond a few nonhuman primates. The problem with this argument is that personhood has an open-ended list of defining attributes and can, at best only be partially applied to nonhuman species. Therefore, a dichotomous distinction cannot be made between qualifying and non-qualifying species. Instead, between-species comparisons must be based on observational and experimental procedures to demonstrate the extent to which human mental attributes are shared with other species. This would allow a more informed view about the appropriateness of personhood in nonhumans.