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Abstract In this study, researchers conducted a study on nurcholish madjid thought known as Nurcholisisme which is said to be very critical of Islamic political parties in Indonesia. That in Nurcholish Madjid's thoughts about Islamic political parties according to him Islam is not an ideology that must exist in the form of a formal institution that is an Islamic party. Islam should be the basis or basis in determining ethical values in running a political party without having to make it in the form of a formal institution. It is an obligation and truth and regards modernization as an effort or process to achieve the truth that is put forward to encourage Muslims to direct their commitment to Islamic values, not to institutions that use the name Islam. In this researched work the author uses legal research normatively towards policy with conceptual approaches and rules. This research was conducted by looking at literature studies to see Nurcholish's thinking aimed at forming a good Islamic party for society. The Islamic party of his time said that they were the representation of the voice of God as the ticket to good. Keywords: Islamic Party, Nurcholish Madjid, Ideology, Politics.

This thesis examines and explains the development of the KEF between its formation in 1970 and 2003. Using a historical and case study approach, the thesis analyses the strategic behaviours of the KEF. The guiding questions shaping this thesis are drawn from the intersection of resource dependence theory and the literature on employer associations. In response to these questions, chronological narrative explains the development of Korea's political economy and industrial relations between 1970 and 2003 as it affected the KEF. It pays particular attention to the growth of the chaebols -- family-owned and controlled business conglomerates -- as political as well as economic forces, their changing relations with government and their labour management strategies. This thesis argues that when Korea's chaebol owners formed their association, the KEF, they did so in the absence of immediate clear or concrete challenges to their business interests. Instead, they evaluated the likelihood of some future external challenges and chose to act on these perceptions. In particular, they strategically chose to prepare for the possible re-emergence of an independent labour movement many years into the future rather than trust forever in governments? repressive systems of labour control. Resource dependence theory proved useful for examining the KEF's internal dynamics. The KEF and its chaebol members were linked through asymmetric inter-dependence. The chaebols dominated KEF membership, took financial responsibility for KEF operations and formally ruled through its governance structure. The KEF's high dependence on the chaebols inhibited any shift away from its chaebol-dominated profile. This also meant that the KEF leadership found it extremely difficult to exert control over member firms' behaviour. However, as the relationship between the chaebols and their external environment changed, internal power resources (industrial relations expertise) and external ones (a militant union movement, tripartite arrangements) helped the ...

Chapter 1. Information Costs, Limited Reasoning Ability and Simplifying Planning: A Theoretical Explanation of Traditional Chinese Planning -- Chapter 2. Socialist Government and Enterprise: An Analysis from the Perspective of "Exit -- Chapter 3. Monetary Incentive and Property Rights Structure of Socialist Enterprises: China's Experience -- Chapter 4. Privileges Sustained by Central Planning: An Analytical Method of Property Rights -- Chapter 5. The Growth of China's Industrial Output Since the Reform: Double-Track Pricing and Border Competition -- Chapter 6. Technology, Classification of Scale and Industrial Organization: Why Can China's "Large Enterprises" Make Higher Profit Margins? -- Chapter 7.Industrial Reform and Efficiency Change in China: Methods, Data, Literatures and Existing Results -- Chapter 8. Decline of China's Investment Efficiency and the Aggregate Characteristics of Capital Formation -- Chapter 9. Growth, Capital Formation and Technological Choice: Explanation of Long-Term Factors for Recent Decline of Economic Growth in China -- Chapter 10. Decentralization and Growth: The Story of China -- Chapter 11. Why Have China Had A Good Infrastructure: Decentralization Competition, Governance and Infrastructure Investment Decisions -- Chapter 12. Irregular Financial Sector in Rural China after the Reform: A Case Study of Wenzhou -- Postscript. .

Preface by Ping Xinqiao -- An Important Innovation Achievement of Economics Theory with Chinese Characteristics -- On Li Yining's contribution to economics -- Introduction -- I. Formation of Economics Theory with Chinese Characteristics -- II. The Framework Structure and Main Content of this Book -- PART ONE -- Mutual Understanding and Inclusiveness -- The Origin and Development of Economics -- Chapter 1 -- Theoretical Framework of Economics -- Section 1: Economics Is the Science of Social Enlightenment and Social Design -- I. What Economics Studies -- II. How to Study Economics -- III. Levels of Economic Theory Section 2: Ethics of Economics -- I. Ethics of Economics and the Study of Human -- II. The Study of Economics Ethics and Objectives -- Section 3: Economic Operation and System -- I. How to Achieve Efficiency and Fairness -- II. Economic System and Resource Allocation -- Section 4: Three Important Tools of Economists -- I. History -- II. Theory -- III. Statistics .-Chapter 2: A -- Hundred Flowers Blooming of Economics -- Section 1: A Mirror of Economic Doctrine History -- I. Classification of Economics -- II. Brief History of Economic Doctrines -- III. Crisis of Modern Western Economic Theory -- Section 2: The Integrator -- Marxist Political Economics -- I. The Formation and Development of Marxist Political Economics -- II. The Scientific Laws Revealed by Marxist Political Economics -- Section 3: The Intersection of Economics and Other Disciplines -- I. The Trend of Interdisciplinary Intersection -- II. The Intersection of Economics and Other Disciplines -- Chapter 3: The Prosperity of Economics with Chinese Characteristics -- Section -- 1: Theoretical Starting Point and Innovative Development of Economics with Chinese Characteristics -- I. Theoretical Starting Point -- II. Practical Exploration and Theoretical Innovation of CPC in Leading Economic Work -- Section 2: Theoretical Features of Economics with Chinese Characteristics -- I. People-centered Economics -- II. The Basic Features of Socialist Economic Operation -- Section 3: Development Trend of Economics with Chinese Characteristics -- I. Systematic Economic Theory -- II. A Hundred Schools of Thought Contending and the Mission of Chinese Economists -- PART TWO -- Exploration of History--Success and Loss of Global Modernization -- Chapter 4: A Brief History of Global Modernization -- Section 1: Modernization of Western European Countries -- I. A Brief Modernization History of Western European Countries -- II. The Loss of British Modernization in the Twentieth Century -- Section 2: Modernization of United States -- I. The Establishment of the American Capitalist System -- II. The Process of Economic modernization of United States -- Section 3: Modernization of Other Countries -- I. Modernization of Other European Countries -- II. Modernization of Asia, Oceania, Africa, and Latin America countries -- Chapter 5: An Economic Analysis of the Success and Loss of Global Modernization -- Section 1: Comparative Economic History and Modernization -- I. Research Methods of Comparative Economics -- II. Modernization from the perspective of comparative economic history -- Section 2: The Basic Laws of Economic modernization -- I. The Economic Analysis Framework of Economic modernization -- II. Key Factors of Economic modernization -- Section 3: The Basic Laws of System Modernization -- I. The Economic Analysis Framework of System Modernization -- II. Key Factors of System Modernization.-PART THREE.-New Generation's Mission for New Trail --The Universality and Particularity of Chinese Path to Modernization -- Chapter 6: Economic Analysis of Universality and Particularity of Chinese Path to Modernization -- Section 1: The Universality of Chinese Path to Modernization from the perspective of Economics -- I. A Consistent Logic of Economic modernization .-II. A Consistent Logic of System Modernization .-Section 2: The Particularity of China from the Perspective of Economic Modernization -- I.Development Economics and Two Types of Transformation -- II. Economic Operation and Two Types of Disequilibrium -- Section 3: The Particularity of China from the Perspective of System Modernization -- I. Planning System with Chinese Characteristics -- II. Development-oriented Finance System with Chinese Characteristics -- Chapter 7: To honor Commitment and take practical Actions of Chinese Path to Modernization -- Section 1: Chinese Path to Modernization Before the Reform and Opening Up -- I. Chinese Modernization in recent times -- II. Chinese Path to Modernization Under the Leadership of CPC Before the Reform and Opening up -- Section 2: Chinese Path to Modernization in the New Era of Reform, Opening Up, and Socialist Modernization -- I. Establishment of Socialist Market Economy and "Thought Guarantee" -- II. Modernization in the New Era of Reform, Opening Up, and Socialist Modernization -- Section 3: The New Journey of ChinesePath to Modernization and Theoretical Innovation -- I. High-quality Development Is of Paramount Importance in the New Era -- II. Implementing the New Development Philosophy -- III. The World Significance of Chinese Path to Modernization -- Conclusion:Where Does Modernization End?. .

a) Preface b) List of Abbreviations 1)How Unequal is Japan? 2) Why is Inequality Widening? 3) How Has Globalization Taken Place in Japan? 4) How Has Innovation Taken Place in Japan? 5) What is the Problem with Japan's Economic System? 6) How is Aging and Shrinking Population Affecting the Japanese Economy? 7) Wouldn't Pursuing Growth Widen Inequality? 8) Why Should Japan Address Inequality, and How Can It? 9) What Kind of a Welfare State Should Japan be? 10) What Should Japan Do from Here? C) Index

A free ebook version of this title is available through Luminos, University of California Press's Open Access publishing program. Visit www.luminosoa.org to learn more.Provincializing Empire explores the global history of Japanese expansion through a regional lens. It rethinks the nation-centered geography and chronology of empire by uncovering the pivotal role of expeditionary merchants from !2;mi (present-day Shiga Prefecture) and their modern successors. Tracing their lives from the early modern era, and writing them into the global histories of empire, diaspora, and capitalism, Jun Uchida offers an innovative analysis of expansion through a story previously untold: how the nation's provincials built on their traditions to create a transpacific diaspora that stretched from Seoul to Vancouver, while helping shape the modern world of transoceanic exchange

Provincializing Empire explores the global history of Japanese expansion through a regional lens. It rethinks the nation-centered geography and chronology of empire by uncovering the pivotal role of expeditionary merchants from Ōmi (present-day Shiga Prefecture) and their modern successors. Tracing their lives from the early modern era, and writing them into the global histories of empire, diaspora, and capitalism, Jun Uchida offers an innovative analysis of expansion through a story previously untold: how the nation's provincials built on their traditions to create a transpacific diaspora that stretched from Seoul to Vancouver, while helping shape the modern world of transoceanic exchange.
"Provincializing Empire offers a stimulating and persuasive account of the longue durée of Japanese capitalist development, connecting Japanese historiography to important conversations on the history of racial capitalism and geographies of space, place, and scale." — DAVID AMBARAS, author of Japan's Imperial Underworlds: Intimate Encounters at the Borders of Empire
"Wide-ranging yet richly documented, Provincializing Empire offers a powerful new transregional history of Japanese capitalism, challenging claims about the developmental state. It tells the fascinating story of a merchant diaspora whose growth was entwined with Japanese imperialism, and of the invented traditions that sustained provincial identity amid global commercial expansion." — JORDAN SAND, author of Tokyo Vernacular: Common Spaces, Local Histories, Found Objects
""A tour de force! Jun Uchida's lucid narrative illuminates the multidirectional movements of settler-migrant merchants from peripheral Japan that cut across the prescribed borders of empires and nation-states. Empirically rich and theoretically sophisticated, Provincializing Empire calls into question many assumptions about Japanese imperialism and offers a less spatially bounded story of grassroots expansionism."" — EIICHIRO AZUMA, author of In Search of Our Frontier: Japanese America and Settler Colonialism in the Construction of Japan's Borderless Empire
""Provincializing Empire is a wonderfully creative model for connecting local and global history. Uchida frames her stimulating account of Japanese overseas commercial expansion, colonialism, and diaspora not as the top-down story of state policy but as the local history of a mercantile community."" — DAVID L. HOWELL, Robert K. and Dale J. Weary Professor of Japanese History, Harvard University"

Modern Applied Regressions creates an intricate and colorful mural with mosaics of categorical and limited response variable (CLRV) models using both Bayesian and Frequentist approaches. Written for graduate students, junior researchers, and quantitative analysts in behavioral, health, and social sciences, this text provides details for doing Bayesian and frequentist data analysis of CLRV models. Each chapter can be read and studied separately with R coding snippets and template interpretation for easy replication. Along with the doing part, the text provides basic and accessible statistical theories behind these models and uses a narrative style to recount their origins and evolution. This book first scaffolds both Bayesian and frequentist paradigms for regression analysis, and then moves onto different types of categorical and limited response variable models, including binary, ordered, multinomial, count, and survival regression. Each of the middle four chapters discusses a major type of CLRV regression that subsumes an array of important variants and extensions. The discussion of all major types usually begins with the history and evolution of the prototypical model, followed by the formulation of basic statistical properties and an elaboration on the doing part of the model and its extension. The doing part typically includes R codes, results, and their interpretation. The last chapter discusses advanced modeling and predictive techniques--multilevel modeling, causal inference and propensity score analysis, and machine learning--that are largely built with the toolkits designed for the CLRV models previously covered. The online resources for this book, including R and Stan codes and supplementarynotes, can be accessed at https://sites.google.com/site/socjunxu/home/statistics/modernapplied-regressions.

The crisis of masculinity surfaced and converged with the crisis of the nation in the late Qing, after the doors of China were forced open by Opium Wars. The power of physical aggression increasingly overshadowed literary attainments and became a new imperative of male honor in the late Qing and early Republican China. Afflicted with anxiety and indignation about their increasingly effeminate image as perceived by Western colonial powers, Chinese intellectuals strategically distanced themselves from the old literati and reassessed their positions vis-à-vis violence. In Mastery of Words and Swords: Negotiating Intellectual Masculinities in Modern China, 1890s-1930s, Jun Lei explores the formation and evolution of modern Chinese intellectual masculinities as constituted in racial, gender, and class discourses mediated by the West and Japan. This book brings to light a new area of interest in the "Man Question" within gender studies in which women have typically been the focus. To fully reveal the evolving masculine models of a "scholar-warrior," this book employs an innovative methodology that combines theoretical vigor, archival research, and analysis of literary texts and visuals. Situating the changing inter- and intra-gender relations in modern Chinese history and Chinese literary and cultural modernism, the book engages critically with male subjectivity in relation to other pivotal issues such as semi-coloniality, psychoanalysis, modern love, feminism, and urbanization.

The crisis of masculinity surfaced and converged with the crisis of the nation in the late Qing, after the doors of China were forced open by Opium Wars. The power of physical aggression increasingly overshadowed literary attainments and became a new imperative of male honor in the late Qing and early Republican China. Afflicted with anxiety and indignation about their increasingly effeminate image as perceived by Western colonial powers, Chinese intellectuals strategically distanced themselves from the old literati and reassessed their positions vis-à-vis violence.

Simply stated, this book bridges the gap between statistics and philosophy. It does this by delineating the conceptual cores of various statistical methodologies (Bayesian/frequentist statistics, model selection, machine learning, causal inference, etc.) and drawing out their philosophical implications. Portraying statistical inference as an epistemic endeavor to justify hypotheses about a probabilistic model of a given empirical problem, the book explains the role of ontological, semantic, and epistemological assumptions that make such inductive inference possible. From this perspective, various statistical methodologies are characterized by their epistemological nature: Bayesian statistics by internalist epistemology, classical statistics by externalist epistemology, model selection by pragmatist epistemology, and deep learning by virtue epistemology. Another highlight of the book is its analysis of the ontological assumptions that underpin statistical reasoning, such as the uniformity of nature, natural kinds, real patterns, possible worlds, causal structures, etc. Moreover, recent developments in deep learning indicate that machines are carving out their own "ontology" (representations) from data, and better understanding this--a key objective of the book--is crucial for improving these machines' performance and intelligibility. Key Features Without assuming any prior knowledge of statistics, discusses philosophical aspects of traditional as well as cutting-edge statistical methodologies. Draws parallels between various methods of statistics and philosophical epistemology, revealing previously ignored connections between the two disciplines. Written for students, researchers, and professionals in a wide range of fields, including philosophy, biology, medicine, statistics and other social sciences, and business. Originally published in Japanese with widespread success, has been translated into English by the author.