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In this paper, an investigation of reproductive behaviour within the socioeconomic and cultural frameworks is carried out to find the extent to which socioeconomic, cultural, and attitudinal variables (such as husband and wife's education, family income, husband's occupation, child mortality, exposure to the mass media, and husbandand- wife relationship in terms of egalitarian roles, role-segregation, husband's authority, and domination in family and non-family decisions) influence the fertility decision-making process. The quantitative and qualitative techniques are used for exploring the respondents' views regarding contraceptive and fertility behaviour. Principle Component Analysis (PCA) is applied to identify new meaningful underlying variables and to reduce the multi-dimensionality of variables. The chi-square test is employed to explore the relationships between the predictor variables and the dependent variables. Multiple linear regression is also used to establish the relative importance of each of the predictor variables. Bivariate, multiple linear regression and qualitative analysis demonstrate that preferences for smaller families and contraceptive use were found to be consistently associated with modern attitudes and behaviour towards the husband-and-wife relationship. Family income, husband's occupation, child mortality, and age at marriage offered no explanation of the reproductive behaviour. It is concluded that cultural setting and tradition exert an important influence on reproductive behaviour independent of development in economic realities. It is suggested that for the attainment of demographicdevelopmental objectives, the issue of women's status is not incidental; it is essential. The argument is not that improvements in women's status need to be pursued only for population policy purposes, but rather that they comprise a crucial social developmental goal in their own right.

Media have never been consistently free in Pakistan. Different regimes used legal and constitutional means to control themedia from public debate and criticism. In it over sixty-two years of history, Pakistan has been ruled by military more thanthe civilian. Media in Pakistan usually face threats, violence, economic pressure, etc. The country's laws have been usedagainst journalists. Poor literacy, urban orientation of the media, and the high price of newspapers are detrimental factors forthe under development of media in Pakistan. Beside these barricades, one can now easily notice a shift from the centralizedbroadcasting to an open competition broadcast system in Pakistan, enabling the audience to enjoy more power of selectiveexposure. All governments including the military say high about the media freedom but often do the thing other way roundwhen media criticize the government. However, during the Musharraf military and civil regime for about nine year, mediawere operated in a mixed character. This paper sheds some light on media and politics during General (r) Pervez Musharrafregime.

The development of the two-gap model [Chenery and Bruno
(1962); Chenery and Strout (1966); Mckinnon (1964); and Weisskopf
(1972)] was an important contribution to the literature of economic
development. The two-gap model deals with the interactions between the
savings constraint and the foreign exchange constraint in the
determination of economic growth in an economy. The savings constraint
refers to the situation when the growth of an economy is limited by the
availability of domestic savings for investment, and the foreign
exchange constraint refers to the growth of an economy being limited by
the availability of foreign exchange for importing capital goods. Mbre
recently, there has been increasing interest in the three-gap model,
introducing fiscal constraint as a third gap limiting the growth
prospects of highly indebted developing economies [Bacha (1990);
Solimano (1990) and Taylor (1993, 1994)]. The fiscal constraint is
intended to reflect the impact of the availability of resources to
finance the public investment required to support a given level of
potential output. These constraints are selected for analysis because of
their direct impact on economic growth of Pakistan. The paper is
structured as follows: Section 2 presents the three-gap model; in
Section 3, the economy-wide potential output and capacity utilisation of
Pakistan are estimated; in Section 4, the empirical results are
discussed; the conclusions are summarised in Section 5.

During the 1970s and early 1980s, many developing countries
faced macroeconomic problems, notably large fiscal deficits, vulnerable
balance of payments positions, increasing inflation rates, lower rates
of domestic savings, and as a consequence lower capital formation and
economic growth rates. The major financial lending institutions,
preeminently the W orId Bank and the International Monetary Fund (IMF),
argue that the present macroeconomic problems in less developed
countries (LDCs) are due to structural maladjustments-poor economic
policies and weak institutions. Therefore, since 1980, these donor
agencies have been proposing Structural Adjustment Programmes (SAPs) and
Sectoral Adjustment Programmes (SECAPs) associated with Structural
Adjustment Lending (SALs) and Sectoral Adjustment Lending (SECALs),
respectively. These programmes focus on broader macroeconomic adjustment
policies. The disbursement of SALs and SECALs are, how~ver, conditional
upon the recipient countries adopting economic policies specified by the
staff of the World Bank and the IMF.

Savings and investment are two variables that play a
significant role in accumulation. Variations in these key variables have
a significant impact on economic growth, employment and inflation. A
thorough understanding of their determlnants provides an important
insight into the development process and aids in policy formulation.
Such knowledge is also necessary to trace the consequences on growth and
employment which may work through savings and investment behaviour. A
particularly useful approach to understanding the macro-behaviour of
saving and investment is to conduct an empirical analysis in terms of
institutional agents. In fact, most of the current work in Pakistan is
restricted to estimating aggregate savings functions which are not
sufficient for analysis of savings behaviour mainly because various
institutional agents may respond differently to economic signals. For
example, foreign interest rates may attract private savings to transfer
abroad, while the public sector may generate its own savings in response
to increasing foreign interest rates. It can also be argued that the
inflow of foreign capital may encourage private savings through direct
foreign investment and discourage public savings through the
substitution effect. Many other examplescan be quoted on theoretical
background. Therefore, it may be useful to estimate disaggregated saving
functions. The question, "are there institutional variations in the
savings behaviour of household. corporate and public sectors in
Pakistan?" will be the main focus of this paper.

The challenge of low academic achievement among adult learners has been continuously reported in adult basic literacy. Adult literacy programs prioritize integrating basic life-related literacy, empowering learners to manage daily responsibilities independently and enhancing academic achievement. Therefore, the present study was conducted to empirically investigate the effect of the social practice approach on learners' academic achievement through pretest, protest control group design. They involved 70 learners, with 35 assigned to each experimental and control group. A worksheet (pretest/posttest) was employed for data collection. Data were analyzed by using an independent sample t-test. The findings revealed that the experimental group, exposed to the social practice approach in their literacy activities, showed improved academic achievement. The study recommended conducting learner assessments before literacy content development to align with identified social needs, offering context-based literacy training for teachers, and establishing an assessment and evaluation system that forges connections between learners' daily lives and literacy practices. Furthermore, it suggested implementing virtual and physical feedback mechanisms to gather input from adult learners to enhance adult basic literacy consistently.

Traditionally, the term Islamophobia refers to prejudice, racism, and/or securitization which implies that this phenomenon operates at cognitive, cultural, or structural levels. The current researchers anticipate that the term now represents an Islamophobic social order in the West where hatred for Islam and everything related to it appears to be the collective behaviour of the society. This points to a new social reality that goes beyond the psychological problem, now referred to as Islamophobia. Therefore, the researchers have added the prefix "neo" to this term in order to account for Islamophobia's psychosocial nature which manifests itself in discourses and practices. The purpose of this research is to study Islamophobic discourses in the media of two Western societies in order to better understand the nature of Islamophobia in each: the United Kingdom (UK) and the United States (USA). It studies leading articles (that is, 446 in toto) from The Independent and The Washington Post between November 2016 and December 2017, using DHA's analytical framework. This study concludes that traditional "Islamophobia" dominates in the UK context, where Islam is perceived as a threat to Europe's symbolic identity and "Neo-Islamophobia" in the US context, where Islam is seen as a threat to the socio-political order. It also proposes a cyclical process of neo-Islamophobia, beginning with problematizing Islam, and progressing to "otherizing," racializing, and finally securitizing Muslims. The researchers, however, recommend similar studies in other contexts too.

The present quantitative study based on the review of literature and present management of various sector of Pakistan including the education, health and economy. As coronavirus declared as a global pandemic by WHO, the health Ministry of Pakistan prepared planes in response to coronavirus under the guideline issued by the Global Health Security Agenda. The COVID-19 started from China and spread all our world. After the identification of first case in Pakistan the infection of coronavirus spread in exponential rate and only few days reached in hounds and thousands. The infection curve remained upward at Sep 1, 2020 and became smaller horizontally from Nov 15, 2020 to Jan 15, 2021. The results indicated that COVID-19 infection reduced after the 1st Sep, 2020 due to proper public management by Pakistan. The lockdown polices of Pakistan reduced the social interaction between the public sector. After lockdown, government of Pakistan introduced the smart lock down polices. Representing comparison among the GDP% of 2019-2020 and 2020-2021. The total expenditure of Pakistan before the outbreak was 9.6% and budget deficit was only -2.3 % in July to Dec 2019. While after the outbreak the budget deficit of Pakistan reached at -8.1% and created an alarming situation in Pakistan due to the disturbance in import and export. But after proper management, Finance Ministry of Pakistan and Revenue Board offered the best budget in the past few years. The budget 2020-2021 schemes improved the total revenue of Pakistan up to 7.4% of the GDP and reduced the expenditure. In spite of coronavirus the GDP of Pakistan significantly improved with respect to last year. This data is based on the budget inauguration by the Finance Ministry of Pakistan. The above mentioned data provides the information about the health resources and trained human resources in Pakistan. The present health resources of Pakistan are not sufficient for the 212.82 million population (30). The above mentioned health resources are not sufficient for the population of Pakistan and in an emergency situation like COVID-19, the present data shows the painful condition. There is an urgent requirement of new nurses and medical students. The province Punjab has the highest capacity of beds ranging 45% among the total resources of beds in Pakistan which are 132663 including both dispensaries and public hospitals. According to the literature, only 1650 ventilators are working in Pakistan for such a huge population. The Government took a step toward the healthcare and imported 10000 ventilators from China and also started making their own ventilators in Lahore. After the complete review of the corona situation, the Education Ministry of Pakistan decided to reopen schools on 16 Sep, 2020. At that time, daily reported new cases were 400-300. But later on 26 Nov, 2020, schools were again closed by Education Ministry of Pakistan, because the daily reported new cases reached at more than 2000. The E-learning is powerful tool for achieving the educational goal during the COVID-19. All the educational institutes around world started online classes. The proper management by the Government of Pakistan to tackle the pandemic is to be admired in these difficult times.