Examines how in the middle of the twentieth century, Bahian elites began to recognize African-Bahian cultural practices as essential components of Bahian regional identity. Previously, public performances of traditionally African-Bahian practices such as capoeira, samba, and Candomblé during carnival and other popular religious festivals had been repressed in favor of more European traditions.
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Depois de 1930, os três clubes de elite do carnaval baiano sofriam economicamente e se retiravam do carnaval. As batucadas emergiram e em parte preencheram o vácuo, ritualizando a presença da cultura e sociabilidade da classe trabalhadora afro-mestiça no carnaval. Neste período, os políticos e, especialmente, jornalistas comemoravam a batucada e o samba como centrais para o carnaval, contribuindo para a consolidação das práticas musicais afro-mestiças como elementos vitais do que a Bahia significava e do que "baiano" passou a significar durante a era Vargas. Embora, após 1950, o trio elétrico e o ressurgimento dos clubes de elite tenham encerrado a "Era das Batucadas," elas desempenharam papéis importantes na reformulação da baianidade, entre 1930 e 1950, e forneceram uma ponte de identificação étnica e cultural entre os afoxés e clubes afros do século XIX e início do século XX, por um lado, e os afoxés e blocos afros do final do século XX e início do XXI.
Introduction: Baianidade - roads to and from a Black Rome/Black Mecca / Scott Ickes and Bernd Reiter -- The English professors of Brazil : on the diasporic roots of the Yorùbá nation / J. Lorand Matory -- Carnival, culture and Black citizenship in post-abolition Bahia / Kim D. Butler -- Racialization in the time of abolition : negotiations over freedom and the freedom of men and women of color in Bahia / Wlamyra Albuquerque -- Medicalized motherhood as race and place : Bahia 1930s-1940s / Okezi T. Otovo -- O que é que a Bahia representa? Bahia's State Museum and the struggles to define Bahian culture / Andelia Romo -- "Behold our city" : conflicting mid-century modernist visions of Afro-Bahia / Scott Ickes -- Sweet barbarians: Baianidade and the Brazilian counterculture of the 1970s / Christopher Dunn -- Precarious Bahia : colonial narratives to the images of Mário Cravo Neto / Elane Abreu -- The power of whiteness and the making of the other : Bahia of the white mind? / Bernd Reiter -- City of women, no city for women : the gendered twist on Black Mecca / Sarah Hautzinger -- Our slaveland / Fernando Conceição -- The politics of blackness in Salvador, Bahia / Gladys Mitchell-Walthour -- Candomblé and the magic of Bahia / Miriam C. M. Rabelo & Luciana Duccini -- "Now you are eating slave food!" / Scott Alves Barton -- Conclusion / Bernd Reiter
Low fruit and vegetable (F&V) consumption is associated with higher rates of obesity and chronic disease among low-income individuals. Understanding attitudes towards F&V consumption and addressing policy and environmental changes could help improve diet and reduce disease risk. A survey of North Carolinians receiving government assistance was used to describe benefits, barriers, and facilitators of eating F&V and shopping at farmers' markets in this population. A total of 341 eligible individuals from 14 counties completed the survey. The most commonly cited barriers to eating F&V were cost (26.4%) and not having time to prepare F&V (7.3%). Facilitators included access to affordable locally grown F&V (13.5%) and knowledge to quickly and easily prepare F&V (13.2%). Among people who did not use farmers' markets, common barriers to shopping there were not being able to use food assistance program benefits (35.3%) and not knowing of a farmers' market in their area (28.8%); common facilitators included transportation (24.8%) and having more information about farmers' market hours (22.9%). In addition to breaking down structural/environmental barriers to farmers' market usage, there is a need to disseminate promotional information about farmers' markets, including hours, location, and accepted forms of payment.
OBJECTIVES: We evaluated the availability of workplace breastfeeding (BF) supports, and the associations between these supports and BF practices among formally employed mothers in Kenya – where many women work in horticulture farms and legislation requiring workplace BF supports is being implemented. We hypothesized that the availability of supports would be associated with a higher prevalence and greater odds of exclusive breastfeeding (EBF). METHODS: We conducted repeated cross-sectional surveys among formally employed mothers at 1–4 days, 6 weeks, 14 weeks, and 36 weeks (to estimate 24 weeks) postpartum at 3 health facilities in Naivasha from Sept. 2018 to Oct. 2019, 13 months after the 2017 Kenyan Health Act, which requires workplace BF support, was passed. We evaluated the associations of workplace BF supports with EBF practices using tests of proportions and adjusted logistic regression. RESULTS: Among formally employed mothers (n = 564), reported workplace supports included on-site housing (16.8%), on-site daycare (9.4%), and private lactation spaces (2.8%). Mothers who used workplace on-site childcare were more likely to practice EBF than mothers who used community- or home-based childcare at both 6 weeks (95.7% versus 82.4%, p = 0.030) and 14 weeks (60.6% versus 22.2%, p < 0.001; [aOR (95% CI) = 5.11 (2.3, 11.7)]. Likewise, mothers who visited daycares at or near workplaces were more likely to practice EBF (70.0%) compared to those who did not visit a daycare (34.7%, p = 0.005) at 14-weeks. Among all mothers, 84.6% with access to workplace private lactation spaces practiced EBF, compared to 55.6% without such spaces, p = 0.037. Mothers who live in on-site housing were twice as likely [aOR (95% CI) = 2.06 (1.25, 3.41)] to practice EBF compared to those without access to on-site housing. CONCLUSIONS: Formally employed mothers in Kenya who used on-site childcare, lived in on-site housing, and had access to private workplace lactation rooms are more likely to practice EBF than mothers who lack these ...
