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Preface -- References -- Contents -- Contributors -- Chapter 1: Response Processes in the Context of Validity: Setting the Stage -- Opening Remarks -- What Are Response Processes? -- Key Moments and Players in the History of Response Processes -- Roger Lennon -- Susan Embretson -- Samuel Messick -- Standards for Educational and Psychological Testing and Other Guidelines -- Prevalence of Validity Evidence Based on Response Processes -- Where Do We Go Next? -- References -- Chapter 2: Response Processes and Measurement Validity in Health Psychology -- Messick's (1995) Unified Validity Theory Framework -- Self-Efficacy in Health Behaviour Settings: A Case Study That Underscores the Importance of the Substantive Aspects of Validity -- Methods to Support the Validity of Response Processes in Health Psychology -- Think Aloud Protocols -- Implicit Measures -- Behavioural Measures -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 3: Contributions of Response Processes Analysis to the Validation of an Assessment of Higher Education Students' Competence in Business and Economics -- Increasing Importance of Response Processes Analysis in Validation Research -- Situating Response Processes Analysis in an Instructional Validation Framework -- Response Processes Analysis in the Domain of B&E -- Modeling Mental Operations -- WiwiKom Test Items to Assess Students' Mental Operations Involved in Responding to the Items -- Student Sample -- Think-Aloud Method -- Results -- Cognitive Validity -- Instructional Validity -- Discussion -- References -- Chapter 4: Ecological Framework of Item Responding as Validity Evidence: An Application of Multilevel DIF Modeling Using PISA Data -- Differential Item Functioning -- Method -- Data Source -- Measurement -- Data Analysis -- Results and Conclusions -- General Discussion -- Appendix 4.1: Reading Attitude Scale -- References