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Abstract
Proposals for a universal basic income have reemerged in public discourse for a variety of reasons. Marx's critique of exploitation suggests two apparently opposed positions on a basic income. On the one hand, a basic income funded from taxes on labor would appear to be exploitative of workers. On the other hand, a basic income liberates everyone from the vulnerable condition in which one is forced to sell one's labor in order to survive, and so seems to be one way of abolishing exploitation at its root. This paper will develop a conception of exploitation that resolves the conflict in favor of basic income. The conception of exploitation is grounded in a liberal egalitarian conception of justice rather than in Marx's labor theory of value or an exclusive focus on the worker-capitalist relation. This position is not premised on an acceptance of the basic institutions of capitalism, but rather is a standpoint from which to evaluate them. It is not necessary to downsize our ideas of freedom and equality. But it is less obvious than it appeared in classic Marxist formulations that socialism is necessary for social justice. To quote the title of a famous article, there could be a 'capitalist road to communism', if a substantial basic income is feasible in a capitalist society.

Die Forderung nach der Einfuhrung eines bedingungslosen Grundeinkommens wurde besonders in den letzten beiden Jahrzehnten kontrovers diskutiert. Dass es sich dabei nicht nur um ein Problem der Finanzierung handelt, sondern auch Entwicklungen deutlich größeren Ausmaßes losgetreten werden können, macht Michael W. Howard deutlich.

The theoretical compatibility of market socialism & political pluralism is illustrated by the concrete case of Yugoslavia. The delegate system of government, as it was developed between 1974 & 1990, is discussed, & the claim is explored that this was a different kind of democracy, a nonparty system based on functional representation of workers, local communities, & other social groups. The author hopes that his paper will contribute to an evaluation of the causes leading to the breakup of Yugoslavia & the subsequent civil war, by distinguishing elements of the Yugoslav experiment in self-managed market socialism worth copying from those that contributed to its demise. The author criticizes Edvard Kardelj's argument against political pluralism. E. Sanchez

This timely book examines how the 'Alaska model' can be adapted for use elsewhere, examining issues of implementation and showing that this model can be employed even in resource-poor areas in the industrialized and in the industrializing world. Ayelet Banai Jason Berntsen Angela Cummine Gary Flomenhoft Christopher L. Griffin, Jr. Cliff Groh Jay Hammond Alanna Hartzok Jason Hickel Paul Segal Larry Smith Hamid Tabatabai

18-1802-152800-CSD UIDB/04085/2020 ; The COVID-19 pandemic has caused dramatic and unprecedented impacts on both global health and economies. Many governments are now proposing recovery packages to get back to normal, but the 2019 Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services Global Assessment indicated that business as usual has created widespread ecosystem degradation. Therefore, a post-COVID world needs to tackle the economic drivers that create ecological disruptions. In this perspective, we discuss a number of tools across a range of actors for both short-term stimulus measures and longer-term revamping of global, national, and local economies that take biodiversity into account. These include measures to shift away from activities that damage biodiversity and toward those supporting ecosystem resilience, including through incentives, regulations, fiscal policy, and employment programs. By treating the crisis as an opportunity to reset the global economy, we have a chance to reverse decades of biodiversity and ecosystem losses. ; publishersversion ; published