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Paz y PIB / Marc Hofstetter -- Conflicto, sectores, regiones y crecimiento / Laura Beatriz Gómez y Hernando Zuleta -- Eficiencia del gasto en defensa y seguridad en Colombia : un análisis de envolvente de datos aplicado al Ejército Nacional / Lucas Ernesto Gutiérrez -- Muros permeables en las escuelas : desempeño educativo y seguridad / Arturo Harker, Andrés Molano, Juan Camilo Cristancho y Santiago Gómez -- La incidencia de las transferencias de Familias en Acción sobre la violencia doméstica en Colombia / Adriana Camacho, Catherine Rodríguez y María Camila Rivera -- Arborización y hurto a peatones en Bogotá / Fernando Carriazo y Jorge Tovar -- Comparación de diferentes modelos para la predicción del crimen en Bogotá / Francisco Barreras, Carlos Díaz, Álvaro J. Riascos y Mónica Ribero -- Entender y combatir el crimen : modelo de comportamiento criminal basado en la provisión de información / Nicolás Rodríguez y Andrés Zambrano -- Inclusión financiera y lavado de activos : evidencia empírica para Colombia / Hernando Bayona-Rodríguez, Catherine Rodríguez y Sebastián Melo -- El sistema antilavado de activos (ALA) y contra la financiación del terrorismo (CFT) en Colombia / Hernando Bayona-Rodríguez y Javier Alberto Gutiérrez

Dedication -- Acknowledgments -- Addenda to the English Version -- Contents -- About the Author -- Chapter 1: General Approach -- 1.1 1 -- 1.2 2 -- 1.3 3 -- 1.4 4 -- 1.5 5 -- 1.6 6 -- 1.7 7 -- 1.8 8 -- References -- Chapter 2: Sex and Gender -- References -- Chapter 3: The Origin -- 3.1 The Origin of Humanity and Primate Behavior Patterns -- 3.2 What Do We Humans Have that Bonobos Lack? -- 3.3 Recapitulation and Starting Point -- References -- Chapter 4: Relational Identity (or Identity When One Has No Power over the World) -- 4.1 Relational Identity -- 4.2 Gender in So-Called Egalitarian Societies -- References -- Chapter 5: Individuality (or Identity When One Has Power over the World) -- References -- Chapter 6: Relational Identity/Individuated Identity: The Appearance of Things -- 6.1 The Historical Construction of Identity -- References -- Chapter 7: The Fantasy of Individuality I: Women and Gender Identity -- 7.1 The Repression of Women's Mobility and Writing -- References -- Chapter 8: The Fantasy of Individuality II: Men's (Unconscious) Performance of Relational Identity -- References -- Chapter 9: Dependent Individuality and Independent Individuality -- 9.1 Dependent Individuality -- 9.2 Independent Individuality -- References -- Chapter 10: Sex and Gender All over Again -- 10.1 On Gender -- 10.2 On Sexuality -- References -- Chapter 11: Conclusion -- 11.1 1 -- 11.2 2 -- 11.3 3 -- 11.4 4 -- 11.5 5 -- 11.6 6 -- References -- Index

This volume is a step in fleshing out the historical reasons for gender inequality from the origins of humankind to present times in the Western world. It argues that despite much critique during the last two decades, gender identities are still ultimately understood as closed and rigid categories which unwittingly reproduce modern Western values. It is a theoretically-informed and up-to-date overview of the history of gender inequality that takes as its starting point the mechanisms through which human beings construct their self-identity. It discusses deeply ingrained assumptions on the relationship between gender and materiality in the present that lead both the academic community and the general public alike to reproduce specific patterns of thought about sex and gender and project them into the past. Starting from a peripheral and heterodox perspective, this book intends to appraise the complexity of gender identity in all its richness and diversity. It seeks to understand the persistence of relationality in supposedly fully individualized male selves, and the construction of new forms of individuality among women that did not follow the masculine model. It is argued here that by balancing community and self beyond the contradictions of hegemonic masculinity, modern women are struggling to build a new, more empowering form of personhood. The author is an archaeologist, who uses her discipline not only to provide data, theory and a long-term perspective, but also in a metaphorical sense: to construct a socio-historical genealogy of current gender systems, through an examination of how personhood and self-identity have been constructed in the Western world.

AbstractIn this paper, I study the causal relationship between violence and human capital accumulation. Due to a power vacuum left in conflict zones of Colombia after the 2016 peace agreement, large spikes in violence were reported in the municipalities of the country dominated by the rebel group FARC. I compare student test scores in municipalities that experienced the increase in violence to the ones that did not, before and after the national peace agreement. I find that a 10% increase in the homicide rate reduces average high school test scores by approximately 0.03 standard deviations. However, this impact is greater in the case of poor students who suffered a reduction of about 0.1 standard deviations per subject area, equivalent to 3.3 percentage points out of the final score. I also consider heterogeneity by gender finding a slightly larger negative impact on female students. This disparate effect on women and on the poorest students adds new evidence to the literature on the effects of armed conflict on learning outcomes.

China and the USA are caught up in an exacting and complex competition for world hegemony. Both countries seek to instrumentalise the world market to their advantage and deploy their global power strategies at monetary, financial and economic levels, the USA as a means to maintain its global hegemony China to challenge this order and establish its own dominance. The current function of the national currency of the largest international net debtor as the dominant world money entails a systemic market-logical contradiction. Rising tensions between the USA and its allies and China will not be reduced by the renminbi becoming a world money.

Despite improvements in the design of development interventions from the perspective of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), there is still a lack of evaluation methods able to estimate the impact of these interventions on multiple and interrelated outcomes. This paper proposes a methodological framework for complex causal inference in international development that combines machine learning and econometric designs for causal inference. As a study case, the relationship between multidimensional poverty and violence in Colombia is evaluated following this framework. First, Bayesian networks (BN) are used to create a directed acyclic graph (DAG) able to predict how multidimensional poverty components are interrelated and affected by a violence indicator. Second, the DAG output is used to identify instrumental variables (IV) in order to test the effect of multidimensional poverty on a household's likelihood to be a victim of violence. Minimum living standards—measured in terms of access to water, connection to the sewage system, and the quality of walls and floors—are strong predictors of the education and health dimensions of poverty. Using 2SLS, the results show that having an illiterate person within a household increases by 0.4% the household's likelihood to be a victim of violence. BNs have the potential to predict complex causal patterns helping to understand the effect of development interventions on multidimensional outcomes such as poverty. Quasi-experimental econometric designs can then be used to test some of these predicted causal connections.