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Volume I examines the history of the European Union from an outside-in perspective, asking the following questions: how does the European Union look from the outside, and which outside forces shaped and guided the process of European integration? Split into three parts, the first addresses the main external events that have steered the European integration process, with emphasis placed on critical junctures following the Second World War, such as the division and reunification of Germany and the Eastern enlargement. Part II considers the various international trends that have shaped European integration, with particular focus on globalisation and geopolitics. While the first two parts pay special attention to institutions, countries, international organisations and the main actors, Part III focuses on the role of ideas, networks, public opinion and memory that influenced the development of the European Union.

Volume II examines the history of the European Union from an inside-out perspective, focusing on the internal developments that shaped the European integration process. Split into three parts, Part I covers the principles that have defined European integration, exploring the treaties and their changes through time, with Brexit being a core milestone. Part II considers the different instruments within the architecture of European integration, with special focus on the development of policies, the euro and enlargement. Part III concentrates on the various narratives surrounding European integration, in particular the concepts, goals and ideas that both spoke and failed to speak to the hearts and minds of Europeans. This includes the 'longue durée' concept, peace, European culture, (the absence of) religion, prosperity and (a lack of) solidarity and democracy.

Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- Notes on Contributors -- List of Figures -- List of Tables -- 1 Introduction-Assessing the EU's Double Challenge -- 1 Europe Went to the Polls -- 2 The Covid-19 Pandemic -- 3 Whither European Leadership? -- 4 A Double Challenge -- 5 Presentation of the Content of the Book -- References -- Part I Politics -- 2 EU Citizen Participation 'in the Union's Democratic Life': A Policy and Legal Analysis -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Genesis and Evolution of EU Citizen Participation -- 3 The Toolbox of Citizen Participation -- 4 The Realities of Citizen Participation -- 5 The Big Disconnect -- 6 Conclusions -- References -- 3 Higher Turnout at the Expense of Representativeness? The 2019 European Elections Against the Backdrop of a Socio-Economically Biased Voter Turnout -- 1 Introduction -- Are European Elections With Systematic Lower Turnout Levels Than First-Order Elections More Exposed To Greater Socio-Economic Inequality? -- 2 Increased Voter Turnout in the 2019 European Elections-Greater Differences at Second Sight -- 3 Socio-Economic Inequality and Voter Turnout-A Potential Problem of Legitimacy and Representation -- 4 Linking Low Turnout and Social Inequalities: Tingsten's Law of Dispersion -- 5 Are European Second-Order Elections More Socio-Economically Biased Than First-Order National Elections? -- 6 Research Design -- Selected European Cities -- Operationalisation of the Socio-Economic Situation in City Districts: Unemployment -- Data -- Method -- 7 Results: European Elections Are not More Socio-Economically Distorted Than First-Order Elections -- 8 Discussion -- 9 Conclusion -- References -- 4 Unpacking Legislative Turnover in the 2019 European Parliament Elections -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Landmark Legislative Turnover of the 2019 Elections -- 3 A Cry for Renewal: Green Waves and Populist Surges.