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The present survey measured a wide variety of indicators on different levels, which permit an evaluation of the development of the participation of women in athletics. All in all an upward trend can be noted. One exception is the decreasing proportion of women on the ITO panels. The proportion of female athletes has remained constant over the last few years, however already on a fairly high, if not yet equal, level to that of male athletes. In many fields, on the other hand, despite the outlined development equal representation of women in athletics is still a long way off.

This paper analyzes the recruitment of executive board members for German sports clubs, an issue of key interest given that volunteers play a dominant role in these sports clubs. Based on a new, micro-level data set, we examine how members of a sports club advance to become executive board members and how board members differ from ordinary members. Based on the results of our study, we examine whether Michels' "iron law of oligarchy" applies and whether democratic procedures for elections in sports clubs are replaced, even in part, by trust-based oligarchic structures.

This paper analyzes the recruitment of executive board members for German sports clubs, an issue of key interest given that volunteers play a dominant role in these sports clubs. Based on a new, micro-level data set, we examine how members of a sports club advance to become executive board members and how board members differ from ordinary members. Based on the results of our study, we examine whether Michels' "iron law of oligarchy" applies and whether democratic procedures for elections in sports clubs are replaced, even in part, by trust-based oligarchic structures.