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An analysis of the acidity of precipitation is carried out by using the ChAP-1.0 (Chemistry and Aerosol Processes) atmospheric sulfur cycle scheme developed for Earth System Models of Intermediate Complexity (EMICs)These calculations are forced by monthly mean anthropogenic emissions of sulfur dioxide to the atmosphere in 1850–2000 adapted from the CMIP5 (Coupled Models Intercomparison Project, phase 5) database and by long-term means (taking into account annual variations) of meteorological variables adapted from the ERA-Interim reanalysis for 1979–2015. It was revealed that significant acidity of precipitation (minimum pH of hydrometeors) is typical for regions with high anthropogenic loading of sulfur compounds in atmosphere – Europe, southeast Asia, east North America, southern Africa, and western South America. In these regions in the last decades of the 20th century, typical precipitation values of pH amount from 2.5 to 3.5, which agrees well with the available measurements. The maximum acidity of precipitation (the minimum pH of hydrometeors, which is close to 2) due to anthropogenic sulfur are noted in the eastern Mediterranean region. Atmospheric transport leads to regions with pH 3.5 covering almost all of Eurasia in the last decades of the 20th century. The influence of this transport is also noticeable in other midlatitudinal regions – south of North America and western South America. In general, the ChAP scheme can be used in EMICs, but after a refinement to account for the effect of various types of precipitation on the wet deposition of sulfur compounds from the atmosphere and the effects of orography on the transport of chemical species in the atmosphere

The phase shift between changes in the global surface temperature Tg and atmospheric CO2 content has been shown earlier not to characterize causal relationships in the Earth system in the general case. Specifically, the sign of this phase shift under nongreenhouse radiative forcing changes depends on the time scale of this forcing. This paper analyzes the phase shift between changes in the global surface temperature Tg and the atmospheric CO2 content qCO2 under synchronous external emissions of carbon dioxide and methane into the atmosphere on the basis of numerical experiments with the IAP RAS climatic model and a conceptual climate model with carbon cycle. For a sufficiently large time scale of external forcing, the changes in qCO2 lag relative to the corresponding changes in Tg.

In this paper, the earlier results, which were obtained with the climate model developed at the A.M. Obu khov Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences (IAP RAS CM) and related to the impact of the atmospheric sulphur dioxide on terrestrial carbon cycle, are elucidated. Because of the unavailability of the global data for near surface SO2 concentration, it was reconstructed by using statistical model which was fitted employing the output of the atmospheric chemistry-transport model RAMS-CMAQ. The obtained results are in general agreement with those reported earlier. In particular, the most significant SO2 impact on terrestrial carbon cycle is simulated for south-east North America and for Europe. However, such impact for south-east Asia is markedly weaker in comparison to that reported earlier, which is related to excessive moisture content in the atmosphere of this region.

This paper investigates the spatial distributions of electrical current which flows inside the plasma stream generated by a magnetoplasma compressor (MPC). Two different modes of MPC operation with different gas supply scenarios have been applied in the experiments presented here. The first is the operation mode with a pulse injection of xenon into the interelectrode space, and the second is the operation mode with residual helium in the chamber and local injection of xenon directly into the compression zone. The maximum value of the electric current observed outside the MPC channel is 15 ÷ 20% of the total discharge current. Electric current vortices were discovered in the plasma stream. The amplitude of the current in the vortices reaches 50% of the total discharge current. The maximum EUV radiation power was measured in the mode of MPC operation with local xenon injection. Power in the wave range 12.2 ÷ 15.8 nm achieves up to 16 ÷ 18 kW.