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How has the COVID-19 pandemic affected refugees and their protection? To respond to this question, we conducted a study using a qualitative questionnaire in six countries in East Africa, Southern Africa and West Africa, namely Ghana, Kenya, Nigeria, South Africa, Uganda and Zimbabwe. In this paper, we explore the information provided by the 90 respondents and focus on three main areas. We first address vulnerable groups and the new, additional and prolonged challenges, as well as potential tensions among refugees and between refugees and host communities due to the pandemic. We then turn to refugee protection by regional, state and humanitarian actors and the influence of donors during the pandemic, showing that aid has been strongly limited. Moreover, we argue in the third part of the paper that refugees represent important actors; refugee-led community-based responses are highly relevant for the people across the six countries for delivering material and immaterial assistance and also mitigating tensions and contributing to peaceful environments.

Janga la sasa la COVID-19 linaathiri watu wote kote ulimwenguni lakini wale walio katika nafasi za hatari, ikiwemo wakimbizi na watu waliohamishwa, wanaweza kuwa katika hatari zaidi. Katika somo la karibuni, tuliangalia ambavyo janga la COVID-19 liliathiri wakimbizi na ulinzi wa kikimbizi katika nchi sita katika Afrika Magharibi, Afrika Mashariki na Afrika Kusini, kwa majina Ghana, Kenya, Nigeria, Afrika Kusini, Uganda, na Zimbabwe, katika mwaka wa kwanza wa janga na mpaka pia February 2021. Kwa kutumia dodoso lisilio la uwakilishi, tulitaka kupata yaliomo ndani katika mitazamo ya watu walio na mandhari nyuma ya kikimbizi, wasomi, wafanyakazi wa serekali na watendaji wa misaada wanaofanya na au kwa wakimbizi. Jumla ya 90 waliohojiwa walijaza dodoso.

Cutar ta COVID-19 na yanzu tana shafar duk mutane a duk duniya amma waɗanda ke cikin matsayi na musamman, gami da 'yan gudun hijira da mutanen da suka rasa matsugunai, na iya fuskantar haɗari mafi girma. A cikin wani bincike na baya-bayan nan, mun gano yadda cutar ta COVID-19 ta shafi 'yan gudun hijira da kare 'yan gudun hijira a kasashe shida a yammacin Afirka, Gabashin Afirka da Kudancin Afirka, wato Ghana, Kenya, Nigeria, Afirka ta Kudu, Uganda, da Zimbabwe, a lokacin farko. shekarar cutar har zuwa Fabrairu 2021. Yin amfani da tambayoyin da ba na wakilci ba, muna neman samun fahimtar ra'ayoyin mutanen da suka fito daga 'yan gudun hijira, malamai, jami'an gwamnati da masu aikin agaji da ke aiki tare da kuma ga 'yan gudun hijira. Jimillar masu amsawa 90 ne suka cika a cikin takardar.

La pandémie actuelle de COVID-19 affecte toutes les personnes à travers le monde, mais celles qui sont particulièrement vulnérables, y compris les réfugiés et les personnes déplacées, peuvent être exposées à des risques plus importants. Dans une étude récente, nous explorons comment la pandémie de COVID-19 a affecté les réfugiés et la protection des réfugiés dans six pays en Afrique de l'Ouest, Afrique de l'Est et Afrique australe, à savoir le Ghana, le Kenya, le Nigeria, l'Afrique du Sud, l'Ouganda, et le Zimbabwe, pendant la première année de la pandémie jusqu'en février 2021 inclus. À l'aide d'un questionnaire non représentatif, nous cherchons à mieux comprendre les perspectives des réfugiés, des experts, des fonctionnaires du gouvernement et des agents humanitaires travaillant avec et pour les réfugiés. Un total de 90 participants ont rempli le questionnaire.

The current COVID-19 pandemic affects all people worldwide but those in particularly vulnerable positions, including refugees and displaced people, may be exposed to greater risks. In a recent study, we explore how the COVID-19 pandemic has affected refugees and refugee protection in six countries in West Africa, East Africa and Southern Africa, namely Ghana, Kenya, Nigeria, South Africa, Uganda and Zimbabwe, during the first year of the pandemic up to and including February 2021. Using a non-representative questionnaire, we seek to gain insights into the perspectives of persons of refugee background, scholars, government officials and aid actors working with and for refugees. A total of 90 respondents filled in the questionnaire.

Umkhuhlane wakulezi insuku oweCOVID-19 uhlasela bonke abantu umhlaba wonke jikelele, kodwa kulobungozi kakhulu kulabo abasesimeni esibuthakathaka, okuhlanganisela iziphepheli kanye labantu abangelamakhaya. Kucwayisiso olusanda kuphela, sikhangela ukuthi umkhuhlane weCovid-19 uphambanise kanjani impilo zabantu abayiziphepheli kanye lokuvikeleka kwabo emazweni ayisithupha asentshonalanga, empumalanga kanye lasezansi kwelizwekazi leAfrica. Amazwe lawa ahlanganisela, iGhana, Kenya, Nigeria, South Africa, Uganda leZimbabwe. Ucwayisiso lolu lukhangela kusukela emnyakeni wokuqala wobhubhane lweCovid-19 kuze kufike, njalo kuhlanganisela inyanga kaNhlolanja 2021. Sisebenzise uluhlu lwemibuzo ebantwini abambalwa abakhethiweyo, sifuna ukuzwisisa kabanzi imibono yeziphepheli, izifundiswa, izisebenzi zikahulumende labezenhlanganiso ezisebenza leziphepheli. Inani labantu abaphedule imibuzo lingamatshumi ayisitshiyagalolunye.

Dambudziko ririko mazuva ano echidzihwamupengo (COVID19) rinotambudza munhu wese wese pasirose, asi rinonyanya kushusha avo vari panzvimbo dzagara dzisina kumira zvakanaka, dzinosanganisira vanhu vonotiza munyika dzavo vachindogara mune dzimwe nyika (vapoteri) nevamwe vakatamiswa nenzira dzisiri dzekuda kwavo kubva pamisha yavo. Mudzidzo, kana mutsvakurudzo ichangoitwa, tinotarisa kuvhiringwa kwakaitwa zvinhu nedambudziko rechirwere chedzihwamupengo kuvapoteri uyevo kuzvirongwa zvekuchengetedzwa kwavapoteri kubva munyika nhanhatu dzekuMavirira kweAfrica, dzekuMabvazuva kweAfrica, uyevo dzekuChamhembe kweAfrica dzinoti, Ghana, Kenya, South Africa, Uganda, uyewo ne Zimbabwe, kubvira pagore rekutanga redambudziko iri kusvikira, uye kusanganisira mumwedzi waKukadzi wa2021. Tichishandisa mivhunzo isina wayakananga chaiye, tinovavarira kuwana miono yavanhu vanobva, kana kuti vanorarama hupenyu hweupoteri, vadzidzi, makurukota ehurumende, uyevo vanoshanda nezvekubatsira uye kushanda nevapoteri. Vanhu vanosvika makumi mapfumbamamwe (90) vakapindura mivhunzo iyi.

Faafida Caabuqa-19 ee hadda jirta waxay saamaysay dhammaan dadka dunida oo dhan laakiin kuwa ku sugan goobaha nugul, oo ay ku jiraan qaxootiga iyo dadka barakacayaasha, ayaa laga yaabaa inay la wajahaan khataro waaweyn. Daraasad dhawaan la sameeyay, waxaan sahminay sida halista Caabuqa-19 uu u saameyay qaxootiga iyo ilaalinta qaxootiga lix waddan oo ku yaal Galbeedka Afrika, Bariga Afrika iyo Koonfurta Afrika, kuwaas oo kala ah Ghana, Kenya, Nigeria, koonfur Africa, Uganda, iyo Zimbabwe, intii lagu jiray sanadkii ugu horeeyay ee safmarka iyo ilaa iyo Febraayo 2021. Anagoo isticmaaleyno xoguruurinta aanan la matalin, waxaan raadineynay inaan helno afkaar ku aadan aragtida dadka asal ahaan kasoo jeeda qaxootiga, aqoonyahanada, saraakiisha dowladda iyo howl wadeenada gargaarka ee la shaqeeya iyo qaxootiga. Isu geyn 90 jawaab celiyayaal ah ayaa buuxiyey xog-ururinta.

Infographic about the effects ofthe COVID-19 pandemic on refugees and their protection in Ghana.

Infographic about the effects ofthe COVID-19 pandemic on refugees and their protection in Kenya.

Infographic about the effects ofthe COVID-19 pandemic on refugees and their protection in Nigeria.

Infographic about the effects ofthe COVID-19 pandemic on refugees and their protection in Zimbabwe.

Infographic about the effects ofthe COVID-19 pandemic on refugees and their protection in South Africa.

Infographic about the effects ofthe COVID-19 pandemic on refugees and their protection in Uganda.

The Kenyan Ministry of Interior recently urged international agencies to close down the Dadaab and Kakuma refugee camps in Kenya, once again. This comes at a time when the COVID-19 pandemic has already placed great burdens on the lives and livelihoods of refugees and intensified uncertainties. To better understand how the pandemic has affected refugees in Kenya, this paper discusses results from a recent qualitative questionnaire on refugee protection in light of COVID-19. We find that the pandemic has exacerbated existing challenges, and partly created new ones. Economic issues and the anxiety that accompanies them have intensified due to lockdowns, restricted movements and business closures. Aid was scaled down and funding cuts further complicated conditions. Although refugees are noted to be important actors in responding to the pandemic, resulting difficulties partly contribute to tensions among refugees, as well as between refugee and host communities. Refugees report an increase in the risks of violence as well as being stigmatized as carriers of the virus, in addition to continued competition over resources with host communities. Thus, risks for refugees would certainly intensify if the camps were to be closed. No matter how things develop further, the safety and representation of refugees should be at the front and center of any possible developments.