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Der Autor geht in seinem Beitrag dem Problem einer Bewertung des Bodenpreises in Agrargesellschaften nach. Zu dieser Problematik werden 438 Verkäufe von Agrarflächen über fünf Hektar im Zeitraum 1891 bis 1907 ausgewertet. Dabei werden verschiedene preisbestimmende Variablen herausgearbeitet, insbesondere der Faktor des familieninternen Verkaufs. Gerade der familieninterne Verkauf führte zu einer deutlichen Verkleinerung der landwirtschaftlichen Nutzfläche im Vergleich zu den Ländereien, die nicht familienintern verkauft wurden. Weitere wertbestimmende Faktoren werden in der Bodenqualität und in den Nutzungsmöglichkeiten gesehen. Die einzelnen Variablen werden im weiteren für eine Regressionsanalyse verwendet. Abschließend wird ein Forschungsbedarf, insbesondere hinsichtlich der Frage der Relation großer und kleiner landwirtschaftlicher Besitztümer gesehen. (ICD)

Volumes, prices, and composition of Hungarian trade are analyzed, focussing on the effects of association with Austria in a political and customs union in a time of increasing protectionism. The author concludes that the relative improvement in terms of trade with Austria compared to overall trade was an incomplete amelioration of a strong pre-existing pro-Austrian bias in the tariff system. Tariff policy strongly favored both countries' traditional exports, with the consequence that the structure of trade with Austria changed little, while that with the outside world was dramatically altered. Hungary's efforts at quasi-independence, especially with respect to import substitution in manufactures at Austrian expense, were essentially ineffective. The text and appendices contain numerous tables and descriptions of trade for important commodities and commodity groups.

Protection of a domestic manufacturing industry to encourage its expansion through import substitution is equivalent (in the absence of equal protection for agriculture) to a "tax" on agriculture to support the development of the industrial sector. To call this policy of biasing the intersectoral terms of trade to favor industry a typical strategy of underdeveloped countries would be, if anything, to understate its universality. The arguments for and against such a strategy are well known, and an approximation of the benefits to the industrial sector can be gleaned from the national accounts of many countries. What remains hidden in the accounts, however, is the cost to the agricultural sector as a result of its being forced to trade at less favorable terms of trade than those provided by the world market. The purpose of this paper is to work out a simple methodology for measuring this cost and then to attempt an estimate of the cost in a particular case.

The countries of non-Russian "Communist Eastern Europe" present the economic historian with a fascinating field for study. This opportunity has, judging from English-language journals at least, largely gone unexploited. Moreover, although Eastern Europe remained a predominantly agrarian region up to the most recent times, the existing literature concentrates heavily on finance, trade, and industry. It is in the hope of contributing to the discussion of Eastern European economic history, most particularly some of its agricultural aspects, that this article has been written.