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Summary: The deceleration of air from supersonic velocities in channels has been studied. It has become apparent that a normal shock in the diverging part of the diffuser is probably necessary for stable flow, and ways of minimizing the intensity of this shock have been developed. The effect of various geometrical parameters, especially contraction ratio in the entrance region, on the performance of supersonic diffusers has been investigated. By the use of these results, diffusers were designed which, starting without initial boundary layer, recovered 90 percent of the kinetic energy in supersonic air streams up to a Mach number of 1.85. ; "CLASSIFIED DOCUMENT This document contains classified information affecting the National Defense of the United States within the meaning of the Espionage Act, USC 50:31 and 32. Its transmission or the revelation of its contents in any manner to an unauthorized person is prohibited by law. Information so classified may be imparted only to persons in the military and naval Services of the United States, appropriate civilian officers and employees of the Federal Government who have a legitimate interest therein, and to United States citizens of known loyalty and discretion who of necessity must be informed thereof." ; "Report date May 1945." ; "Advance Confidential Report L5D20." ; Summary: The deceleration of air from supersonic velocities in channels has been studied. It has become apparent that a normal shock in the diverging part of the diffuser is probably necessary for stable flow, and ways of minimizing the intensity of this shock have been developed. The effect of various geometrical parameters, especially contraction ratio in the entrance region, on the performance of supersonic diffusers has been investigated. By the use of these results, diffusers were designed which, starting without initial boundary layer, recovered 90 percent of the kinetic energy in supersonic air streams up to a Mach number of 1.85. ; Mode of access: Internet.

This book addresses a crucial, yet often overlooked dimension of minority language standardisation, namely, how social actors engage with, support, alter, resist and even reject standardisation processes. We look at standardisation processes as a political domain where social actors use standards as semiotic resources for articulating discourses on society. The chapters in this volume are therefore concerned first and foremost with social actors, their ideologies and practices, rather than with language per se. By considering the perspectives and actions of people who participate in or are affected by minority language politics, this volume aims to provide a comparative and nuanced analysis of the complexity and tensions inherent in minority language standardisation processes. Echoing Fasold (1984), this involves a shift in focus from a sociolinguistics of language to a sociolinguistics of people. How do social actors experience and negotiate these predicaments? Why are standards for minoritised languages sometimes sought after and praised and at other times vehemently contested and rejected? What are the consequences of standardisation projects for different people? It is these questions that this volume considers through case studies of minority language standardisation from around the world. The authors, who come from very different backgrounds with respect to involvement in standardisation processes, draw on ethnographic, historical and discourse data in order to examine standardisation projects in diverse settings. In bringing these case studies and analyses together, we aim to provide both empirical and conceptual insights into minority language standardisation. This volume highlights the role of social actors in the creation and negotiation of standards, and the diversity of marginalised or peripheral speech communities in which standardisation efforts occur. Focusing on ground-level processes and participants allows us to illuminate ways in which projects to standardise minoritised languages echo, reinvent, and at times subvert the characteristics of language standardisation established since the 18th century. Beginning with a reflection on language standardisation from a historical perspective (section 2), we then define our focus on minority/ minoritised language communities and discuss the nature of standardisation projects in these settings in particular (section 3). We conclude with an overview of the volume (section 4).