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<p>Los bajos niveles de educación en Brasil están asociados con la pobreza y la desigualdad social. Este trabajo parte de los determinantes educativos para poner de relieve de que manera la pobreza reduce las oportunidades y dificulta la búsqueda de mayores niveles de educación. Sucintamente se expone la evolución de la pobreza, la desigualdad y los niveles educativos. Se percebe que hay pobreza, pero con marcadas diferencias regionales. En materia de educación existe una gran disparidad entre las escuelas privadas y públicas, exacerbando las desigualdades y el aumento de las disparidades en los ingresos. Se logró la educación básica universal, pero con una calidad muy baja. La política reciente se ha centrado en esta cuestión, pero hay necesidad de reforzar las condicionalidades y estimular la demanda para la educación. De este complejo marco resulta la necesidad de una acción pública, tanto en el fomento de una mayor demanda por educación como la prestación de una educación pública de calidad.</p>

This paper aimed to analyze the level of technical efficiency of Brazilian federal universities, from 2012 to 2018, using the Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) method, with an output-oriented DEA BCC model. Four management indicators instituted by TCU were used as inputs and two quality indicators, as outputs. For that, a sample of 56 federal universities was used. Considering the standard efficiency scores, the results indicated high levels of technical efficiency during the years under analysis. The average technical efficiency of federal universities was 93.7% in 2012, with 17 efficient universities, and 94.5% in 2018, with 18 efficient universities. The years 2015 and 2016 stood out, with 28 and 27 efficient universities respectively, whose national averages were 96.1%. However, due to the benevolence of the BCC model with very small or very large units, some universities may have been considered efficient by default. From 2012 to 2018, the Malmquist Index indicated an increase in the productivity of universities by 2.2%, which occurred in a greater proportion due to the catch-up effect (1.8%) and in a lower proportion by the frontier shift effect (0.4%). In addition, the increase of 1.8% in relative efficiency occurred in a greater proportion due to the increase in pure technical efficiency (1.1%) and in a lower proportion due to the increase in scale efficiency (0.7%). Yet, despite the increase in productivity, there is still room to achieve better quality results and to improvements in the management of resources, in order to reduce waste.