Polyphenols and Their Metabolites in Renal Diseases ; An Overview
Funding Information: Funding: This work was supported by FCT–Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (grants UIDB/04567/2020 and UIDP/04567/2020 to CBIOS, PTDC/BIA-MOL/31104/2017, and PhD grants 2020.07813.BD to Í.G. and 2020.04630.BD to D.C.). C.F.-P. and R.M. are funded by FCT Scientific Employment Stimulus contract with the reference numbers CEEC/CBIOS/NUT/2018 and CEEC/04567/CBIOS/2020, respectively. Authors also acknowledge COFAC/ILIND–Cooperativa De Formação E Animação Cultural CRL/Instituto Lusófono de Investigação e Desenvolvimento (grant COFAC/ILIND/CBIOS/2/2021). Authors also acknowledge the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 804229. iNOVA4Health Research Unit (LISBOA-01-0145-FEDER-007344), which is co-funded by FCT/Ministério da Ciência e do Ensino Superior, through national funds, and by FEDER under the PT2020 Partnership Agreement. ; Kidney diseases constitute a worldwide public health problem, contributing to morbidity and mortality. The present study aimed to provide an overview of the published data regarding the potential beneficial effects of polyphenols on major kidney diseases, namely acute kidney injury, chronic kidney disease, diabetic nephropathy, renal cancer, and drug-induced nephrotoxicity. This study consists of a bibliographical review including in vitro and in vivo studies dealing with the effects of individual compounds. An analysis of the polyphenol metabolome in human urine was also conducted to estimate those compounds that are most likely to be responsible for the kidney protective effects of polyphenols. The biological effects of polyphenols can be highly attributed to the modulation of specific signaling cascades including those involved in oxidative stress responses, anti-inflammation processes, and apoptosis. There is increasing evidence that polyphenols afford great potential in renal disease protection. However, this evidence (especially when in vitro studies are involved) should ...