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This analysis shows how Japanese legations, first established in Europe during the 1870s, were not just symbolic gestures but played a key role in the Meiji government's quest for international recognition. The concept of resident ambassador was unfamiliar beyond the European world, so the transition from sending visiting envoys to establishing permanent missions was a pivotal stage. Here a comparative framework gauges the importance of Japan's new strategy within the context of similar experiments by states such as the Ottoman Empire, Persia, and subsequently China and Siam. The case of Sameshima Naonobu, Japan's first resident minister in Europe, highlights the cultural barriers the Japanese faced. Assisted by Frederick Marshall, an Englishman at the Japanese Legation in Paris, Sameshima's research on the mysteries encoded in this particular social universe offers some insight on the nature of the diplomatic corps in Europe.

In 1856, the Treaty of Paris nominally welcomed the Ottoman Empire into the Concert of Europe, but this exposed a deep fault line in international relations. Although the gesture implied full sovereign rights, it seemed incompatible with the extraterritorial privileges held by Europeans in Ottoman lands under the age-old capitulations. New commercial treaties complicated the issue by extending similar privileges to British subjects as far afield as China, Siam and Japan. Consular jurisdiction soon became the focus of controversy in Westminster as extraterritoriality featured prominently in local disputes following British commercial expansion across Asia, among them the Arrow incident that led to the Second Opium War. In Japan and other states, it would also become a key grievance in popular campaigns against 'unequal treaties' and the injustices of informal empire. This analysis shows how, even before such narratives of resistance emerged, there was already a seam of ambivalence in Victorian political discourse on the question of extraterritoriality. In the Foreign Office, it came as no surprise to be told of defects in these treaties, but it was the context of the existing debate, notably fresh initiatives to set up mixed courts, that framed the British response.

Frontmatter -- CONTENTS -- Introduction & Chapter Summaries -- List of Contributors -- Abbreviations/ Names and Name Order -- 1. British Relations with Japan, 1852-2017: An Overview -- 2. Lord John Russell, 1792-1878 -- 3. Lord Clarendon, 1800-1870 -- 4. Lord Granville, 1815-1891 -- 5. Lord Derby, 1826-1893 -- 6. Lord Salisbury, 1830-1903 -- 7. Lord Rosebery, 1847-1929 -- 8. Lord Kimberley, 1826-1902 -- 9. Lord Lansdowne, 1845-1927 -- 10. Sir Francis Bertie, 1844-1919 -- 11. Sir Edward Grey, 1862-1933 -- 12. Arthur James Balfour, 1848-1930 -- 13. Lord Curzon, 1859-1925 -- 14. James Ramsay MacDonald, 1866-1937 -- 16. Sir John Simon, 1873-1954 -- 17. Lord Lytton, 1876-1947 -- 18. Sir Samuel Hoare, 1880-1959 -- 19. Sir Anthony Eden, 1897-1977 -- 20. Lord Halifax, 1881-1959 -- 21. Lord Hankey, 1877-1963 and R.A. Butler, 1902-1982 and the 'Appeasement of Japan, 1939-1941 -- 22. Ernest Bevin, 1881-1951 -- 23. Winston Churchill, 1874-1965 -- 24. Britain and Japan, 1950-1990: -- 25. Sir Alec Douglas-Home, 1903-1995 -- 26. Edward Heath, 1916-2005 -- 27. Margaret Thatcher, 1925-2013 -- 28. Sir Geoffrey Howe, 1926-2015 [Lord Howe of Aberavon] Foreign Secretary, 1983-89 -- Bibliography -- Index

Frontmatter -- Contents -- Introduction -- List of Contributors -- Index of Biographical Portraits and Memoirs in Japan Society Volumes -- PART I: BRITAIN IN JAPAN -- PERSONALITIES AND ENTREPRENEURS -- 1. Admiral Sir Fleetwood Pellew (1789-1861) and the Phaeton Incident of 1808 -- 2. Thomas (Sir Stamford) Raffles (1781-1826) and Dr Donald Ainslie -- 3. Victoria Crosses Awarded for Valour in Japan: Duncan Boyes, Thomas Pride, William Seeley and Robert Gray -- 4. Marianne North (1830-1890): Traveller, Botanist and Artist -- 5. William Henry Smith (1838-1884): Prominent Public-spirited Figure in Early Yokohama History -- 6. Alan Owston (1853-1915): Naturalist and Yachtsman -- 7. Edgar Abbott (1849-1890): Athlete and Brewer -- 8. No 48, Yokohama -- 9. Thomas Bates Blow (1853-1941): Antiquarian, Apiarist and Pioneer Motorist in Japan -- WRITERS AND BROADCASTERS -- 10. Ernest Harold Pickering, M.P. (1881-1957): A Convinced but Unconvincing Apologist for Japan -- 11. Dorothy Britton (Lady Bouchier 1922-2015), Gifted Composer, Author and Translator -- 12. John Newman (1935-1993): Jūdōka, Broadcaster and Academic -- 13. Peter Martin (1931-2004): Successful Author and British Council Representative -- MISSIONARIES -- 14. Charles Frederick Warren (1841-1899): Anglican Missionary in Osaka -- 15. Barclay Fowell Buxton (1860-1946): Evangelistic Missionary in Japan -- 16. The Archdeacon and the Canon: The Hutchinsons of Japan -- POLITICIANS -- 17. The Fifteenth Earl of Derby (1826-1893): Foreign Secretary -- 18. Earl of Kimberley (1826-1902) and Japan -- 19. Lord Lansdowne (1845-1927) and Japan -- 20. Lord Lytton (1876-1947) and Anglo-Japanese Relations in the 1930s -- OFFICIALS AND DIPLOMATS -- 21. Early British Judges in Japan, 1865-1881: Sir Edmund Grimani Hornby, Charles Wycliffe Goodwin and Sir Richard Temple Rennie -- 22. John Carey Hall (1864-1926): A Career in Japan and the Japan Consular Service -- 23. Sir Colin John Davidson (1878-1930): Japan Specialist in the British Consular Service -- 24. John Frederick Lowder (1843-1902): Consul, Counsel and o-yatoi -- 25. Sir Edward Crowe (1877-1960): Forgotten Star of the Japan Consular Service -- 26. Oswald 'Shiro' White (1884-1970): 38 Years in the Japan Consular Service -- 27. Three British Consuls in Manchuria, 1931-32: Esler Dening, Robert Scott and George Moss -- 28. Sir Fred Warner (1918-1995): Ambassador to Japan, 1972-76 -- 29. Sir Michael Wilford (1922-2006): Ambassador to Japan, 1975-80 -- 30. Sir John Whitehead (1932-2013): Ambassador to Japan, 1987-1992 -- SCHOLARS -- 31. Basil Hall Chamberlain's Things Japanese and the 'Invention of a New Religion': A Critique of Bushido -- 32. William J.S. Shand (1850-1909) and Henry John Weintz (1864-1931): 'Japanese Self-taught' -- 33. Douglas Mills (1923-2005): Scholar of Japanese at Cambridge University -- 34. John McEwan (1924-1969): Scholar of Japanese at Cambridge University -- BUSINESS, TRADE AND INVESTMENT -- 35. Charles Sale (1868-1943) and George Sale (1896-1976): Business and Politics in Anglo-Japanese Relations -- 36. Christopher W. McDonald (1931-2011): A Life in Japan -- 37. NSK at Peterlee: A Successful Japanese Manufacturing Investment in the UK -- 38. Sharp Corporation's UK Research Investment: Sharp Laboratories of Europe Ltd -- 39. Mitsubishi Electric's Manufacturing Investments in Scotland -- 40. Alps Electric (UK) Limited and the Birth of Two Trees Photonics Limited -- 41. Chugai Pharmaceutical in the United Kingdom -- 42. Selling British Electronics to Japan -- Part I: Selling to Japanese Manufacturers Investing in Britain -- Part II: Selling to Japanese Companies in Japan -- BUSINESS, TRADE AND INVESTMENT -- 43. Wool in Japan: A Very British Story -- 44. The British Chamber of Commerce (Japan), 1948-2015 -- 45. English Lawyers and Japan from the 1960s to the Present Day -- 46. The British Pavilion at Aichi Expo 2005 -- CULTURE -- 47. Victorian Novelists in Japan: Thomas Hardy, Charles Dickens, Charlotte and Emily Brontë in the Twentieth and Twenty-first Centuries -- 48. Minton for the Meiji Emperor -- 49. Britain and the JET Programme: Five Individuals -- PART II: JAPAN IN BRITAIN -- DIPLOMATS -- 50. Fujiyama Naraichi (1915-1994): A Young Diplomat in Wartime -- 51. Kazuo Chiba (1925-2004): An Outstanding Japanese Diplomat -- 52. Young Japanese Diplomats Sent to Study at British Universities -- BUSINESS, TRADE AND BANKING -- 53. Saba Shoichi (1919-2012): Japanese Industrialist and Friend of Britain -- 54. Shijuro Ogata (1927-2014): Internationalist Japanese Banker -- 55. The Japanese Chamber of Commerce in the UK, 1959-2015 -- SCHOLARS -- 56. Yasui Tetsu (1870-1945): Promoter of Women's Higher Education -- 57. Tanaka Hozumi (1876-1944): Enlightened Educationalist at Waseda -- 58. Hagihara Nobutoshi (1926-2001): Internationalist -- 59. Nakaya Ukichiro (1900-1962): Snow Scientist -- 60. Takakusu Junjirō (1866-1945): Buddhist Idealist, Scholar and Educator -- CULTURE & COLLABORATION -- 61. Itō Michio (1892-1961): Dancer and Producer -- 62. Bonsai in Britain -- 63. The Royal Academy of Arts and Japan: 140 Years of Exhibitions, Education and Debate -- 64. Mackintosh and the Glasgow Style: Japonisme -- 65. Shimaoka Tatsuzō (1919-2007): Master Japanese Potter -- 66. Katō Shōzō (1863-1930) and Tomita Kumasaku (1872-1953): Japanese Art Dealers in London -- 67. Netsuke and Inrō collectors in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries -- 68. Lisa, Lady Sainsbury (1912-2014): Bringing Japanese Art to East Anglia -- 69. UK-Japan 21st Century group -- Select Bibliography of Works in English on Anglo-Japanese Relations -- Select Bibliography of Works in Japanese on Anglo-Japanese Relations -- Index