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This study examines the impact of economic sanctions on international. - terrorism. It is argued that sanctions intensify economic. - hardships on the poor within countries and this increases their level. - of grievance and makes them more likely to support or engage in. - international terrorism. Further, economic sanctions are conceptualized. - as creating an opportunity for rogue leaders to manipulate. - aggrieved poor people to terrorize foreign entities who are demonized. - as engaging in a foreign encroachment on the sanctioned. - nation's sovereignty. A cross-sectional, time-series data analysis of. - 152 countries for the past three decades provides evidence that. - ceteris paribus, economic sanctions are positively associated with. - international terrorism. This finding suggests that, although the. - main purpose of economic sanctions is to coerce rogue countries. - to conform to international norms and laws, they can unintentionally. - produce a negative ramification and become a cause of. - international terrorism. (International Interactions (London)/ FUB)

Introduction -- American jihad, Muslim Americans, and the general public -- America's homegrown jihadists and foreign fighting -- Democracy, civil liberties, and terrorism -- Theory of terrorist outbidding and its empirical evidence -- The effect of economic growth on terrorism -- New findings on the causes and effects of human rights violations -- Demystifying the impact of naming and shaming -- Preferential trade agreements and human rights abusers -- Leaders' education, democracy, and use of torture -- Civil war and rule of law -- Civil war, volunteer soldiers, and the military -- Conclusion

AbstractI am delighted to see that my study on the effect of terrorist campaigns on the growth of Muslim populations has intrigued Egger and Magni-Berton. After discussing potential theoretical and methodological shortcomings in my study, Egger and Magni-Berton conclude that there is no empirical support for the positive relationship between terror attacks and Muslim populations. Their approach of separating terrorism into Islamist and non-Islamist terrorism is an effort to advance the contemporary research on the nexus between terrorism and Islam. In this re-examination, I show that Egger and Magni-Berton's conclusion is based on two limitations: theoretically unfounded and empirically inadequate. After remedying these limitations step by step, I reconfirm that a series of terrorist activities collectively serve as an explanation for the growth of the worldwide Muslim population. Future research can offer additional evidence to understand whether there is a significant and positive relationship between Islamist terrorism and the growth of Muslim populations.