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Local development is a concept that is currently addressed from different perspectives and that involves the participation and work of the communities and the development of their endogenous factors, to build the future visions of their territories. At the same time (Valcárcel & Portillo, 1999), they recognize the territory as a process of social construction and as a space-project that can be transformed at every moment; for this reason it could be said that there is no single formula to address local development in the territories. However, when there is talk of sustainability in local development processes, there are some parameters that govern these processes, there is talk of lasting projects that have an impact on social, environmental, economic and political development in the communities, such which is reflected in the (Brutland Report, 1987), the first attempt made by the world, to end the confrontation between sustainability and development. In the present review article, a reflection was made on these subjects and 35 case studies of local development were identified and geo-referenced in territories with urban and rural characteristics in Latin America in the last 20 years; Of these, 17 cases were selected, in which durability and social, environmental and economic sustainability were identified, in order to identify which were the main endogenous factors present in the participating communities, which allowed the consolidation of sustainable local development processes in their territories. ; El desarrollo local, es un concepto que se aborda actualmente desde diferentes perspectivas y que involucra la participación y el trabajo de las comunidades y el desarrollo de sus factores endógenos, para construir las visiones de futuro de sus territorios. A su vez (Valcárcel & Portillo, 1999), reconocen el territorio como un proceso de construcción social y como un espacio-proyecto transformable en cada momento; por esto podría decirse que no existe una fórmula única para abordar el desarrollo local en los territorios. No obstante, cuando se habla de sustentabilidad en los procesos de desarrollo local, sí hay unos parámetros que rigen en dichos procesos, se habla de proyectos perdurables, que tengan un impacto en el desarrollo social, ambiental, económico y político en las comunidades, tal cual lo refleja el (Informe de Brutland, 1987), el primer intento que hizo el mundo, por terminar con la confrontación entre sostenibilidad y desarrollo. En el presente artículo de revisión, se hizo una reflexión sobre dichos temas y se identificaron y geo-referenciaron 35 casos de estudio de Desarrollo local en territorios con características urbanas y rurales en Latinoamérica en los últimos 20 años; de estos se seleccionan 17 casos, en los cuales se identificaron perdurabilidad en el tiempo y sustentabilidad social, ambiental y económica, con el fin de identificar, cuáles fueron los principales factores endógenos presentes en las comunidades participantes, que permitieron consolidar procesos de desarrollo local sustentable en sus territorios.

La recherche des racines historiques des problèmes économiques, politiques et sociaux qui pèsent sur l'Amérique latine constitue, depuis des décennies, une constante préoccupation. Au cours des trente dernières années, un nombre important de publications, venant de tous les horizons, se sont essayées à trouver une explication de l'échec que connaissent les nations du sous-continent dans leurs tentatives pour créer les bases d'une croissance économique autonome. Cet article se situe parmi elles dans le courant des interprétations qui voient dans le développement du capitalisme l'une des clés essentielles pour la compréhension du passé et du présent. Notre but est d'analyser l'un des phénomènes fondamentaux de l'histoire de l'Amérique latine : la création d'un système de crédit à l'usage de l'économie d'exportation et des principaux groupes qui la contrôlent. Par son objet, cette étude dépasse le seul examen du secteur financier pour aborder les problèmes plus généraux de l'impérialisme et des modes de production.

Ionizing radiation is a major environmental variable for cells on Earth, and so organisms have adapted to either prevent or to repair damages caused by it, primarily from the appearance and accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). In this study, we measured the differential gene expression in Deinococcus radiodurans UWO298 cultures deprived of background ionizing radiation (IR) while growing 605 m underground at the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP), reducing the dose rate from 72.1 to 0.9 nGy h(-1) from control to treatment, respectively. This reduction in IR dose rate delayed the entry into the exponential phase of the IR-shielded cultures, resulting in a lower biomass accumulation for the duration of the experiment. The RNASeq-based transcriptome analysis showed the differential expression of 0.2 and 2.7% of the D. radiodurans genome after 24 and 34 h of growth in liquid culture, respectively. Gene expression regulation after 34 h was characterized by the downregulation of genes involved in folding newly synthesized and denatured/misfolded proteins, in the assimilation of nitrogen for amino acid synthesis and in the control of copper transport and homeostasis to prevent oxidative stress. We also observed the upregulation of genes coding for proteins with transport and cell wall assembly roles. These results show that D. radiodurans is sensitive to the absence of background levels of ionizing radiation and suggest that its transcriptional response is insufficient to maintain optimal growth. ; United States Department of Energy (DOE) Office of Environmental ManagementUnited States Department of Energy (DOE) [DE-EM0002423] ; Published version ; These results are based upon work supported by the United States Department of Energy (DOE) Office of Environmental Management under award number DE-EM0002423. This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States Government. Neither the United States Government or any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe on privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade names, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement. The views and the opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States Government or any agency thereof.

Colombia has not functioned as a Centralist State, because this model has failed to meet the general needs of the population, and as a result, there is a resurgence of internal conflict due to the emergence of new criminal gangs that become "State" in Those places where centralism does not reach. The insufficiency of Centralism allows for criminal action and makes no attempt to negotiate with specific groups, such as the current peace negotiations, vain because until an adequate restructuring of the Colombian state organization is achieved, there will continue to be groups outside the law That take advantage of the absence of the Government in distant Colombian regions ; Colombia no ha funcionado como Estado Centralista, porque este modelo no ha conseguido suplir las necesidades generales de la población, y como resultado de ello, está el recrudecimiento del conflicto interno por causa del surgimiento de nuevas bandas criminales que se convierten en "Estado" en aquellos lugares donde en centralismo no alcanza a llegar. La insuficiencia del Centralismo, permite la

Colombia has not functioned as a Centralist State, because this model has failed to meet the general needs of the population, and as a result, there is a resurgence of internal conflict due to the emergence of new criminal gangs that become "State" in Those places where centralism does not reach. The insufficiency of Centralism allows for criminal action and makes no attempt to negotiate with specific groups, such as the current peace negotiations, vain because until an adequate restructuring of the Colombian state organization is achieved, there will continue to be groups outside the law That take advantage of the absence of the Government in distant Colombian regions ; Colombia no ha funcionado como Estado Centralista, porque este modelo no ha conseguido suplir las necesidades generales de la población, y como resultado de ello, está el recrudecimiento del conflicto interno por causa del surgimiento de nuevas bandas criminales que se convierten en "Estado" en aquellos lugares donde en centralismo no alcanza a llegar. La insuficiencia del Centralismo, permite la

Eight species of macaw (Psittacidae: Anodorhynchus, Ara, Primolius) have previously been reported from Paraguay. We discuss all verifiable reports of the species from Paraguay and provide comment on their statuses. Ara chloropterus and Primolius auricollis are both widespread species known from multiple reports across a wide geographic area. We report minor range extensions within Paraguay for both species. Anodorhynchus hyacinthinus is documented as a breeding resident with a restricted distribution in the Upper Paraguay River basin. The first modern records of Ara ararauna and the first record of Diopsittaca nobilis for the country are documented with photographs. We are unable to find any confirmed records of Anodorhynchus glaucus from Paraguay and thus consider it of possible occurrence. Two species are rejected as erroneously cited, Ara militaris and Ara glaucogularis. Consequently six species in four genera are now confirmed to occur in Paraguay.